Regulating retrotransposon activity through the use of alternative transcription start sites

EMBO Rep. 2016 May;17(5):753-68. doi: 10.15252/embr.201541866. Epub 2016 Feb 22.

Abstract

Retrotransposons, the ancestors of retroviruses, have the potential for gene disruption and genomic takeover if not kept in check. Paradoxically, although host cells repress these elements by multiple mechanisms, they are transcribed and are even activated under stress conditions. Here, we describe a new mechanism of retrotransposon regulation through transcription start site (TSS) selection by altered nucleosome occupancy. We show that Fun30 chromatin remodelers cooperate to maintain a high level of nucleosome occupancy at retrotransposon-flanking long terminal repeat (LTR) elements. This enforces the use of a downstream TSS and the production of a truncated RNA incapable of reverse transcription and retrotransposition. However, in stressed cells, nucleosome occupancy at LTR elements is reduced, and the TSS shifts to allow for productive transcription. We propose that controlled retrotransposon transcription from a nonproductive TSS allows for rapid stress-induced activation, while preventing uncontrolled transposon activity in the genome.

Keywords: chromatin remodeling; retrotransposable elements; transcriptional regulation.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Base Sequence
  • Catalysis
  • Chromatin / genetics
  • Chromatin / metabolism
  • Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
  • Gene Expression Regulation*
  • Models, Biological
  • Mutation
  • Nucleosomes
  • Phenotype
  • Retroelements*
  • Stress, Physiological
  • Terminal Repeat Sequences
  • Transcription Initiation Site*
  • Transcriptional Activation

Substances

  • Chromatin
  • Nucleosomes
  • Retroelements