Medical management of glaucoma: focus on ophthalmologic drug delivery systems of timolol maleate

Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2017 May;45(3):448-459. doi: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1160917. Epub 2016 Mar 22.

Abstract

Eye is a vital organ of our body and any complication not only poses the risk of serious medical condition but also economic burden on the individual. Timolol maleate is one of the preferable therapeutic agents for the management of glaucoma. Globally, eye drops are among the most common and popular conventional formulations, but they are also associated with some limitations in terms of therapeutic response, bioavailability, dosing frequency and poor patient compliance. Present paper gives an overview of the drug delivery systems developed for management of glaucoma, advances and novel approaches with special emphasis on timolol drug delivery.

Keywords: Eye; glaucoma; ocular; ocular drug delivery; ophthalmic; timolol; topical.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Antihypertensive Agents / pharmacokinetics
  • Antihypertensive Agents / pharmacology*
  • Biological Availability
  • Disease Management*
  • Drug Delivery Systems / methods*
  • Emulsions
  • Epithelium, Corneal / drug effects
  • Epithelium, Corneal / metabolism
  • Glaucoma / drug therapy*
  • Glaucoma / metabolism
  • Glaucoma / physiopathology
  • Humans
  • Hydrogels / chemistry
  • Hydrogels / metabolism
  • Intraocular Pressure / drug effects
  • Microspheres
  • Nanoparticles / chemistry
  • Nanoparticles / metabolism
  • Ocular Hypertension / drug therapy*
  • Ocular Hypertension / metabolism
  • Ocular Hypertension / physiopathology
  • Ophthalmic Solutions / chemistry
  • Ophthalmic Solutions / metabolism
  • Ophthalmic Solutions / therapeutic use
  • Permeability
  • Polymers / chemistry
  • Polymers / metabolism
  • Timolol / pharmacokinetics
  • Timolol / pharmacology*

Substances

  • Antihypertensive Agents
  • Emulsions
  • Hydrogels
  • Ophthalmic Solutions
  • Polymers
  • Timolol