Lyme disease is a multiorgan infectious disease caused by the spirochete of the Borrelia type. It is the most common vector-borne disease. A steady increase in the number of cases is noticed in Poland. Diagnosis and treatment of disease still cause many difficulties for clinicians. The aim of this study, based mainly on the recent literature, is to systematize knowledge on Lyme disease, with particular attention to the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapy.