Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2016 Apr 8;17(4):516.
doi: 10.3390/ijms17040516.

Intervention of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on the Subchronic Immune Injury in Mice Induced by Aflatoxin B1

Miao Long  1 , Yi Zhang  2 , Peng Li  3 , Shu-Hua Yang  4 , Wen-Kui Zhang  5 , Jian-Xin Han  6 , Yuan Wang  7 , Jian-Bin He  8
Affiliations
Free PMC article

Intervention of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on the Subchronic Immune Injury in Mice Induced by Aflatoxin B1

Miao Long et al. Int J Mol Sci. .
Free PMC article

Abstract

The aim was to investigate the prevention of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on the subchronic immune injury induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and the possible ameliorating effect of GSPE in mice. The subchronic AFB1-induced immune injury mice model was set up with the continuous administration of 100 μg/kg body weight (BW) AFB1 for six weeks by intragastric administration. Then, intervention with different doses (50 and 100 mg/kg BW) of GSPE was conducted on mice to analyze the changes of body weight, immune organ index, antioxidant capability of spleen, serum immunoglobulin content, and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines. The prevention of GSPE on the immune injury induced by AFB1 was studied. The GSPE could relieve the AFB1-induced reduction of body weight gain and the atrophy of the immune organ. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level of the spleen in the AFB1 model group significantly increased, but levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-P(X)), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly decreased. The GSPE could significantly inhibit the oxidative stress injury of the spleen induced by AFB1. AFB1 exposure could not significantly change the contents of IgA, IgG, or IgM. AFB1 significantly improved the expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFN-γ). Additionally, GSPE could decrease the expression of these four proinflammatory factors to different degrees and inhibit the inflammatory reaction of mice. The results suggest that GSPE alleviates AFB1-induced oxidative stress and significantly improves the immune injury of mice induced by AFB1.

Keywords: AFB1; alleviate; grape seed proanthocyanidin extract; immune injury; mice.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) and their co-treatment on weight in mice. Values are mean ± SEM of ten mice in each group. a, b Means with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of AFB1, GSPE, and their co-treatment on spleen index and thymus index in mice. Values are mean ± SEM of ten mice in each group. a, b, c Means with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of AFB1, GSPE, and their co-treatment on interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in serum of mice. Values are mean ± SEM of ten mice in each group. ǂ p < 0.05 vs. control group, # p < 0.05 vs. AFB1 treated group.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of AFB1, GSPE and their co-treatment on interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) relative mRNA expression in spleen of mice. Values are mean ± SEM of ten mice in each group. ǂ p < 0.05 vs. control group, # p < 0.05 vs. AFB1 treated group.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Ma Q., Li Y., Fan Y., Zhao L., Wei H., Ji C., Zhang J. Molecular mechanisms of lipoic acid protection against aflatoxin B1-induced liver oxidative damage and inflammatory responses in broilers. Toxins (Basel) 2015;7:5435–5447. doi: 10.3390/toxins7124879. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hinton D.M., Myers M.J., Raybourne R.A., Francke C.S., Sotomayor R.E., Shaddock J., Warbritton A., Chou M.W. Immunotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats: Effects on lymphocytes and the inflammatory response in a chronic intermittent dosing study. Toxicol. Sci. 2003;73:362–377. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfg074. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Magnoli A.P., Monge M.P., Miazzo R.D., Cavaglieri L.R., Magnoli C.E., Merkis C.I., Cristofolini A.L., Dalcero A.M., Chiacchiera S.M. Effect of low levels of aflatoxin B1 on performance, biochemical parameters, and aflatoxin B1 in broiler liver tissues in the presence of monensin and sodium bentonite. Poult. Sci. 2011;90:48–58. doi: 10.3382/ps.2010-00971. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sirajudeen M., Gopi K., Tyagi J.S., Moudgal R.P., Mohan J., Singh R. Protective effects of melatonin in reduction of oxidative damage and immunosuppression induced by aflatoxin B1-contaminated diets in young chicks. Environ. Toxicol. 2011;26:153–160. doi: 10.1002/tox.20539. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Surai P.F. Natural Antioxidants in Avian Nutrition and Reproduction. 1st ed. Nottingham University Press; Nottingham, UK: 2002. Natural antioxidants and mycotoxins; pp. 455–509.

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources