Detection and characterization of viruses as field and vaccine strains in feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory disease

R W Fulton; J M d'Offay; C Landis; D G Miles; R A Smith; J T Saliki; J F Ridpath; A W Confer; J D Neill; R Eberle; T J Clement; C C L Chase; L J Burge; M E Payton

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.020

Detection and characterization of viruses as field and vaccine strains in feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory disease

Vaccine. 2016 Jun 24;34(30):3478-92. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.020. Epub 2016 Apr 20.

Authors

R W Fulton¹, J M d'Offay², C Landis², D G Miles³, R A Smith⁴, J T Saliki⁵, J F Ridpath⁶, A W Confer², J D Neill⁶, R Eberle², T J Clement⁷, C C L Chase⁷, L J Burge², M E Payton⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. Electronic address: Robert.fulton@okstate.edu.
² Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
³ Veterinary Research and Consulting Services, Greeley, CO 80634, USA.
⁴ Veterinary Research and Consulting Services, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA.
⁵ Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
⁶ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Diseases Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
⁷ Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
⁸ Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.

Abstract

This study investigated viruses in bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cases in feedlots, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine coronaviruses (BoCV) and parainfluenza-3 virus (PI3V). Nasal swabs were collected from 114 cattle on initial BRD treatment. Processing included modified live virus (MLV) vaccination. Seven BRD necropsy cases were included for 121 total cases. Mean number of days on feed before first sample was 14.9 days. Swabs and tissue homogenates were tested by gel based PCR (G-PCR), quantitative-PCR (qPCR) and quantitative real time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and viral culture. There were 87/114 (76.3%) swabs positive for at least one virus by at least one test. All necropsy cases were positive for at least one virus. Of 121 cases, positives included 18/121 (14.9%) BoHV-1; 19/121 (15.7%) BVDV; 76/121 (62.8%) BoCV; 11/121 (9.1%) BRSV; and 10/121 (8.3%) PI3V. For nasal swabs, G-PCR (5 viruses) detected 44/114 (38.6%); q-PCR and qRT-PCR (4 viruses) detected 81/114 (71.6%); and virus isolation detected 40/114 (35.1%). Most were positive for only one or two tests, but not all three tests. Necropsy cases had positives: 5/7 G-PCR, 5/7 q-PCR and qRT-PCR, and all were positive by cell culture. In some cases, G-PCR and both real time PCR were negative for BoHV-1, BVDV, and PI3V in samples positive by culture. PCR did not differentiate field from vaccines strains of BoHV-1, BVDV, and PI3V. However based on sequencing and analysis, field and vaccine strains of culture positive BoHV-1, BoCV, BVDV, and PI3V, 11/18 (61.1%) of BoHV-1 isolates, 6/17 (35.3%) BVDV isolates, and 1/10 (10.0%) PI3V identified as vaccine. BRSV was only identified by PCR testing. Interpretation of laboratory tests is appropriate as molecular based tests and virus isolation cannot separate field from vaccine strains. Additional testing using sequencing appears appropriate for identifying vaccine strains.

Keywords: Bovine respiratory viruses; Diagnostic virology; MLV vaccines.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Animals
Cattle
Cattle Diseases / diagnosis*
Cattle Diseases / virology*
Coronavirus, Bovine / isolation & purification
Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral / isolation & purification
Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / isolation & purification
Nose / virology
Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine / isolation & purification
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine / isolation & purification
Respiratory Tract Infections / veterinary*
Respiratory Tract Infections / virology
United States
Vaccines, Attenuated
Viral Vaccines

Substances

Vaccines, Attenuated
Viral Vaccines