Abstract
In Alzheimer disease (AD), amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides induce the degeneration of presynaptic cholinergic system, in which decreased activity of enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) responsible for acetylcholine synthesis is observed. Cereboost™, an extract of American ginseng extract, contains a high concentration of Rb1 ginsenoside which is a well-known ingredient improving human cognitive function. We investigated the effects of Cereboost™ on learning and memory function of mice challenged with an Aβ1-42 peptide and the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Cereboost™ protected against Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity in F3.ChAT stem cells, and enhanced the ChAT gene expression. Aβ1-42 injection into the mouse brain impaired the cognitive function, which was recovered by oral administration of Cereboost™. In addition, Cereboost™ restored brain microtubule-associated protein 2 and synaptophysin as well as acetylcholine concentration. The results demonstrate that Cereboost™ administration recovered the cognitive function of AD model animals by enhancing acetylcholine level via ChAT gene expression and neuroprotection.
Keywords:
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius); Amyloid-beta peptide; Cereboost™; Choline acetyltransferase; Cognitive function; Neuroprotection.
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
MeSH terms
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Acetylcholine / metabolism*
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Acetylcholinesterase / metabolism
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Alzheimer Disease / chemically induced
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Alzheimer Disease / enzymology
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Alzheimer Disease / prevention & control*
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Alzheimer Disease / psychology
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Amyloid beta-Peptides
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Animals
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Avoidance Learning / drug effects
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Behavior, Animal / drug effects*
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Brain / drug effects*
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Brain / enzymology
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Cell Line
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Choline O-Acetyltransferase / genetics
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Choline O-Acetyltransferase / metabolism*
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Cholinesterase Inhibitors / isolation & purification
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Cholinesterase Inhibitors / pharmacology
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Cognition / drug effects*
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Disease Models, Animal
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Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
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GPI-Linked Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors
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GPI-Linked Proteins / metabolism
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Male
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Maze Learning / drug effects
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Mice, Inbred ICR
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Microtubule-Associated Proteins / metabolism
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Neuroprotective Agents / isolation & purification
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Neuroprotective Agents / pharmacology*
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Panax / chemistry*
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Peptide Fragments
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Phytotherapy
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Plant Extracts / isolation & purification
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Plant Extracts / pharmacology*
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Plants, Medicinal
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Synaptophysin / metabolism
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Time Factors
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Transfection
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Up-Regulation
Substances
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Amyloid beta-Peptides
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Cereboost
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Cholinesterase Inhibitors
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GPI-Linked Proteins
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Microtubule-Associated Proteins
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Mtap2 protein, mouse
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Neuroprotective Agents
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Peptide Fragments
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Plant Extracts
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Synaptophysin
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Syp protein, mouse
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amyloid beta-protein (1-42)
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Choline O-Acetyltransferase
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Acetylcholinesterase
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Ache protein, mouse
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Acetylcholine