Nicotinamide Riboside Opposes Type 2 Diabetes and Neuropathy in Mice

Sci Rep. 2016 May 27:6:26933. doi: 10.1038/srep26933.

Abstract

Male C57BL/6J mice raised on high fat diet (HFD) become prediabetic and develop insulin resistance and sensory neuropathy. The same mice given low doses of streptozotocin are a model of type 2 diabetes (T2D), developing hyperglycemia, severe insulin resistance and diabetic peripheral neuropathy involving sensory and motor neurons. Because of suggestions that increased NAD(+) metabolism might address glycemic control and be neuroprotective, we treated prediabetic and T2D mice with nicotinamide riboside (NR) added to HFD. NR improved glucose tolerance, reduced weight gain, liver damage and the development of hepatic steatosis in prediabetic mice while protecting against sensory neuropathy. In T2D mice, NR greatly reduced non-fasting and fasting blood glucose, weight gain and hepatic steatosis while protecting against diabetic neuropathy. The neuroprotective effect of NR could not be explained by glycemic control alone. Corneal confocal microscopy was the most sensitive measure of neurodegeneration. This assay allowed detection of the protective effect of NR on small nerve structures in living mice. Quantitative metabolomics established that hepatic NADP(+) and NADPH levels were significantly degraded in prediabetes and T2D but were largely protected when mice were supplemented with NR. The data justify testing of NR in human models of obesity, T2D and associated neuropathies.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Blood Glucose / metabolism
  • Cornea / drug effects
  • Cornea / innervation
  • Cornea / pathology
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / chemically induced
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / drug therapy*
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / metabolism
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / pathology
  • Diabetic Neuropathies / chemically induced
  • Diabetic Neuropathies / metabolism
  • Diabetic Neuropathies / pathology
  • Diabetic Neuropathies / prevention & control*
  • Diet, High-Fat
  • Hypoglycemic Agents / pharmacology*
  • Insulin / blood
  • Insulin Resistance
  • Liver / drug effects
  • Liver / metabolism
  • Liver / pathology
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Niacinamide / analogs & derivatives*
  • Niacinamide / pharmacology
  • Obesity / drug therapy*
  • Obesity / etiology
  • Obesity / metabolism
  • Obesity / pathology
  • Prediabetic State / drug therapy*
  • Prediabetic State / etiology
  • Prediabetic State / metabolism
  • Prediabetic State / pathology
  • Pyridinium Compounds
  • Streptozocin

Substances

  • Blood Glucose
  • Hypoglycemic Agents
  • Insulin
  • Pyridinium Compounds
  • nicotinamide-beta-riboside
  • Niacinamide
  • Streptozocin