Mineralized bone matrix constituted with collagenous and non-collagenous proteins was synthesized by osteoblasts differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a serine protease inhibitor, promotes cell migration and proliferation, and suppresses the inflammatory response. Recent studies reported that SLPI regulates the formation of dentin and mineralization by odontoblasts and increases the adhesion and viability of preosteoblasts on a titanium (Ti) surface. Ti and its alloys are widely used implant materials in artificial joints and dental implants owing to their biocompatibility with bone. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether SLPI can be an effective molecule in promoting differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts on a Ti surface. In order to investigate the effects of SLPI on osteoblasts, an MTT assay, PCR, western blotting and Alizarin Red S staining were performed. The results demonstrated that SLPI increased the viability of osteoblasts during differentiation on Ti discs compared with that of the control. The expression levels of SLPI mRNA and protein were higher than that of the control after treatment of osteoblasts with SLPI on Ti discs during differentiation. SLPI increased the formation of mineralized nodules and mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase, dentin sialophosphoprotein, dentin matrix protein 1, bone sialoprotein, and collagen I in osteoblasts on Ti discs compared with that of the control. In conclusion, SLPI increases the viability and promotes the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts on Ti surfaces, suggesting that SLPI is an effective molecule for achieving successful osseointegration between osteoblasts and a Ti surface.