Dorsomorphin homologue 1, a highly selective small-molecule bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor, suppresses medial artery calcification

Abstract

Background: Medial artery calcification develops in diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and as part of the aging process. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in vascular patients. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have previously been implicated in the initiation and progression of vascular calcification. We thus evaluated whether dorsomorphin homologue 1 (DMH1), a highly selective BMP inhibitor, could attenuate vascular calcification in vitro and in an organ culture model of medial calcification.

Methods: Confluent human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were cultured in calcification medium containing 3.0 mM inorganic phosphate (Pi) for 7 days with or without DMH1. Medial calcification was assessed using an aortic organ culture model. Calcification was visualized by alizarin red S staining, and calcium concentration was assessed by an o-cresolphthalein complexone calcium assay. Osteogenic cell and vascular SMC markers were determined by Western blot, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical staining.

Results: DMH1 reduced Pi-induced calcium deposition in human SMCs. It also antagonized human recombinant BMP2-induced calcium accumulation. Western blot further revealed that DMH1 was able to block Pi-mediated upregulation of the osteoblast markers osterix and alkaline phosphatase and downregulation of the SMC markers smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and SM22α as well as p-Smad1/5/8, suggesting that DMH1 may regulate SMC osteogenic differentiation through the BMP/Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway. Finally, using an ex vivo aortic ring organ culture model, we observed that DMH1 reduces Pi-induced aortic medial calcification.

Conclusions: The selective BMP inhibitor DMH1 can inhibit calcium accumulation in vascular SMCs and arterial segments exposed to elevated phosphate levels. Such small molecules may have clinical utility in reducing medial artery calcification in our population of vascular patients.