Several gastrointestinal (GI) operations originally developed for the treatment of severe obesity (bariatric surgery) promote sustained weight loss as well as dramatic, durable improvements of insulin-resistant states, most notably type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Experimental evidence shows that some rearrangements of GI anatomy can directly affect glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation, supporting the idea that the GI tract is a biologically rational target for interventions aimed at correcting pathophysiologic aspects of cardiometabolic disorders. This article reviews the pathophysiology of metabolic disease and the role of bariatric/metabolic surgery in current clinical guidelines for the treatment of obesity and T2DM.
Keywords: Bariatric metabolic surgery; Diabetes; Gut; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Microbiota; Obesity.
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