A review of nocturnal leg cramps in older people

Age Ageing. 2016 Nov;45(6):776-782. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afw139. Epub 2016 Aug 11.

Abstract

Nocturnal leg cramps are common and troublesome, especially in later life, and have a significant impact on quality of life, particularly sleep quality. This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the diagnosis, frequency, pathophysiology and management of cramps. Recent evidence suggests that diuretic and long-acting beta-agonist therapy predispose to leg cramps. There is conflicting evidence regarding the efficacy of prophylactic stretching exercises in preventing cramps. Quinine remains the only medication proven to reduce the frequency and intensity of leg cramps. However, the degree of benefit from quinine is modest and the risks include rare but serious immune-mediated reactions and, especially in older people, dose-related side effects. Quinine treatment should be restricted to those with severe symptoms, should be subject to regular review and requires discussion of the risks and benefits with patients.

Keywords: muscle cramps; nocturnal leg cramps; older people; quinine; sleep disorders.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Age Factors
  • Aging*
  • Circadian Rhythm*
  • Exercise Therapy
  • Humans
  • Muscle Contraction*
  • Muscle Relaxants, Central / therapeutic use
  • Muscle, Skeletal / physiopathology*
  • Prevalence
  • Quality of Life
  • Quinine / therapeutic use
  • Risk Factors
  • Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders / diagnosis
  • Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders / epidemiology
  • Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders / physiopathology*
  • Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders / therapy
  • Treatment Outcome

Substances

  • Muscle Relaxants, Central
  • Quinine