Recent developments and future prospects in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis

doi:10.1177/2049936116646063

Review

. 2016 Jun;3(3-4):98-109.

doi: 10.1177/2049936116646063. Epub 2016 Apr 22.

Recent developments and future prospects in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis

Shyam Sundar¹, Anup Singh²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005 India.
² Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

PMID: 27536354
PMCID: PMC4971590
DOI: 10.1177/2049936116646063

Review

Recent developments and future prospects in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis

Shyam Sundar et al. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2016 Jun.

. 2016 Jun;3(3-4):98-109.

doi: 10.1177/2049936116646063. Epub 2016 Apr 22.

Authors

Shyam Sundar¹, Anup Singh²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005 India.
² Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

PMID: 27536354
PMCID: PMC4971590
DOI: 10.1177/2049936116646063

Abstract

Limited therapeutic options in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) make the treatment of this neglected disease very challenging. In addition to this, long treatment duration and toxic adverse effects make it even more difficult. With no effective vaccine available to date, treatment of VL is based only on chemotherapy. In the Indian subcontinent, a single dose of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) and multidrug therapy (L-AmB + miltefosine, L-AmB + paromomycin [PM], or miltefosine + PM) are the treatments of choice for VL. In East Africa, however, combination therapy of pentavalent antimonials (Sb(v)) and PM remains the treatment of choice, and in the Mediterranean region and South America, L-AmB is the recommended drug. Fexinidazole and PA-824 are new promising drugs which have shown encouraging results in preclinical studies.

Keywords: kala-azar; liposomal amphotericin B; miltefosine; paromomycin.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest in preparing this article.

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References

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[1] Albuquerque L., Mendonca I., Cardoso P., Baldacara L., Borges M., Borges Jda C., et al. (2014) HIV/AIDS-related visceral leishmaniasis: a clinical and epidemiological description of visceral leishmaniasis in northern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 47: 38–46. - PubMed

[2] Albuquerque L., Mendonca I., Cardoso P., Baldacara L., Borges M., Borges Jda C., et al. (2014) HIV/AIDS-related visceral leishmaniasis: a clinical and epidemiological description of visceral leishmaniasis in northern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 47: 38–46. - PubMed

[3] Alvar J., Aparicio P., Aseffa A., Den Boer M., Canavate C., Dedet J., et al. (2008) The relationship between leishmaniasis and aids: the second 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 334–359. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Alvar J., Aparicio P., Aseffa A., Den Boer M., Canavate C., Dedet J., et al. (2008) The relationship between leishmaniasis and aids: the second 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 334–359. - PMC - PubMed

[5] Alvar J., Canavate C., Gutierrez-Solar B., Jimenez M., Laguna F., Lopez-Velez R., et al. (1997) Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 10: 298–319. - PMC - PubMed

[6] Alvar J., Canavate C., Gutierrez-Solar B., Jimenez M., Laguna F., Lopez-Velez R., et al. (1997) Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 10: 298–319. - PMC - PubMed

[7] Alvar J., Velez I., Bern C., Herrero M., Desjeux P., Cano J., et al. (2012) Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 7: e35671. - PMC - PubMed

[8] Alvar J., Velez I., Bern C., Herrero M., Desjeux P., Cano J., et al. (2012) Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 7: e35671. - PMC - PubMed

[9] Asthana S., Jaiswal A., Gupta P., Pawar V., Dube A., Chourasia M. (2013) Immunoadjuvant chemotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters using amphotericin B-encapsulated nanoemulsion template-based chitosan nanocapsules. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 1714–1722. - PMC - PubMed

[10] Asthana S., Jaiswal A., Gupta P., Pawar V., Dube A., Chourasia M. (2013) Immunoadjuvant chemotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters using amphotericin B-encapsulated nanoemulsion template-based chitosan nanocapsules. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 1714–1722. - PMC - PubMed

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Recent developments and future prospects in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis

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Recent developments and future prospects in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis

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