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. 2016 Aug 20;21(8):1095.
doi: 10.3390/molecules21081095.

Beneficial Effects of Trillium govanianum Rhizomes in Pain and Inflammation

Affiliations

Beneficial Effects of Trillium govanianum Rhizomes in Pain and Inflammation

Shafiq Ur Rahman et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Trillium govanianum rhizome is used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory remedy in traditional medicine in northern Pakistan. In an attempt to establish its medicinal value, the present research evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of T. govanianum. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of extract and fractions was investigated in the carrageenan induced paw edema assay. The in vitro suppression of oxidative burst of extract, fractions and isolated compounds was assessed through luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence assay. The in vivo analgesic activity was assayed in chemical and thermal induced nociceptive pain models. The crude methanol extract and its solvent fractions showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic responses, exhibited by significant amelioration of paw edema and relieve of the tonic visceral chemical and acute phasic thermal nociception. In the oxidative burst assay, based on IC50, the crude methanol extract and n-butanol soluble fraction produced a significant inhibition, followed by chloroform and hexane soluble fractions as compared to ibuprofen. Similarly, the isolated compounds pennogenin and borassoside E exhibited significant level of oxidative burst suppressive activity. The in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities as well as the in vitro inhibition of oxidative burst validated the traditional use of T. govanianum rhizomes as a phytotherapeutic remedy for both inflammatory conditions and pain. The observed activities might be attributed to the presence of steroids and steroid-based compounds. Therefore, the rhizomes of this plant species could serve as potential novel source of compounds effective for alleviating pain and inflammation.

Keywords: Trilliaceae; analgesic; anti-inflammatory; borassoside E; oxidative burst; pennogenin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Compounds of T. govanianum rhizomes exhibiting oxidative burst inhibitory effect.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Antinociceptive activity of Trillium govanianum rhizome methanol extract and fractions in tonic visceral chemically-induced nociception. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to saline treated group; N = 6. Dic = diclofenac.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) Antinociceptive effect of Trillium govanianum rhizomes MeOH-extract its fractions (mg/kg) after 30 min. Sal, saline solution; Tram, tramadol; (B) Antinociceptive effect of Trillium govanianum rhizomes MeOH-extract its fractions (mg/kg) after 60 min. Sal, saline solution; Tram, tramadol; (C) Antinociceptive effect of Trillium govanianum rhizomes MeOH-extract its fractions (mg/kg) after 90 min. Sal, saline solution; Tram, tramadol; (D) Antinociceptive effect of Trillium govanianum rhizomes MeOH-extract its fractions (mg/kg) after 120 min. Sal, saline solution; Tram, tramadol. ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to saline treated group; N = 6.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) Antinociceptive effect of Trillium govanianum rhizomes MeOH-extract its fractions (mg/kg) after 30 min. Sal, saline solution; Tram, tramadol; (B) Antinociceptive effect of Trillium govanianum rhizomes MeOH-extract its fractions (mg/kg) after 60 min. Sal, saline solution; Tram, tramadol; (C) Antinociceptive effect of Trillium govanianum rhizomes MeOH-extract its fractions (mg/kg) after 90 min. Sal, saline solution; Tram, tramadol; (D) Antinociceptive effect of Trillium govanianum rhizomes MeOH-extract its fractions (mg/kg) after 120 min. Sal, saline solution; Tram, tramadol. ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to saline treated group; N = 6.

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