Antisense oligonucleotide-mediated exon skipping as a strategy to reduce proteolytic cleavage of ataxin-3

Sci Rep. 2016 Oct 12:6:35200. doi: 10.1038/srep35200.

Abstract

Spinocerebellar ataxia type-3 (SCA3) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine repeat expansion in the ataxin-3 protein. Cleavage of mutant ataxin-3 by proteolytic enzymes yields ataxin-3 fragments containing the polyglutamine stretch. These shorter ataxin-3 fragments are thought to be involved in SCA3 pathogenesis due to their increased cellular toxicity and their involvement in formation of the characteristic neuronal aggregates. As a strategy to prevent formation of toxic cleavage fragments, we investigated an antisense oligonucleotide-mediated modification of the ataxin-3 pre-mRNA through exon skipping of exon 8 and 9, resulting in the removal of a central 88 amino acid region of the ataxin-3 protein. This removed protein region contains several predicted cleavage sites and two ubiquitin-interacting motifs. In contrast to unmodified mutant ataxin-3, the internally truncated ataxin-3 protein did not give rise to potentially toxic cleavage fragments when incubated with caspases. In vitro experiments did not show cellular toxicity of the modified ataxin-3 protein. However, the modified protein was incapable of binding poly-ubiquitin chains, which may interfere with its normal deubiquitinating function. Low exon skipping efficiencies combined with reduction in important ataxin-3 protein functions suggest that skipping of exon 8 and 9 is not a viable therapeutic option for SCA3.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Ataxin-3 / chemistry
  • Ataxin-3 / genetics
  • Ataxin-3 / metabolism*
  • Binding Sites / genetics
  • Calpain / metabolism
  • Cell Line
  • DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded
  • Exons / genetics
  • Humans
  • Machado-Joseph Disease / genetics
  • Machado-Joseph Disease / metabolism
  • Machado-Joseph Disease / therapy
  • Mutant Proteins / chemistry
  • Mutant Proteins / genetics
  • Mutant Proteins / metabolism
  • Oligonucleotides, Antisense / genetics
  • Polyubiquitin / metabolism
  • Proteolysis
  • RNA Precursors / genetics
  • RNA Precursors / metabolism
  • Repressor Proteins / chemistry
  • Repressor Proteins / genetics
  • Repressor Proteins / metabolism*

Substances

  • Mutant Proteins
  • Oligonucleotides, Antisense
  • RNA Precursors
  • Repressor Proteins
  • Polyubiquitin
  • ATXN3 protein, human
  • Ataxin-3
  • Calpain
  • CAPN2 protein, human