Preclinical Comparison of Albumin-Binding Radiofolates: Impact of Linker Entities on the in Vitro and in Vivo Properties

Abstract

Tumor targeting with folic acid radioconjugates has been proposed as a promising strategy for radionuclide therapy of folate receptor α (FR)-positive cancer. Recently, it was shown that modification of radiofolates with an albumin-binding entity increased the tumor-to-kidney ratios of accumulated radioactivity in mice. The goal of this study was to evaluate the lead compound cm10 and compare it with new albumin-binding folate conjugates. Compound cm12 was designed with a long spacer consisting of a PEG-11 entity, and compound cm13 contained a short alkane chain between the albumin-binding moiety and folic acid. All of the derivatives were labeled with ¹⁷⁷Lu (t_1/2 = 6.65 days, E_β^-,average = 134 keV; E_γ = 113 keV, 208 keV), a clinically established radionuclide for therapeutic purposes. The evaluation revealed that all of the albumin-binding radiofolates exhibited increased in vitro stability compared with the reference compound (¹⁷⁷Lu-cm14) without albumin binder. Serum protein binding, determined with an ultrafiltration assay, was high (>88%) for the derivatives with albumin-binding entities. The FR-binding affinity was in the same range (K_D = 4.0-7.5 nM) for all of the radiofolates, independent of the albumin-binding entity and spacer length. FR-specific uptake was proven in vitro using FR-positive KB tumor cells. In vivo studies with KB-tumor-bearing mice were performed in order to assess the tissue distribution profile of the novel radiofolates. ¹⁷⁷Lu-cm13 showed high tumor uptake at late time points (13.3 ± 2.94% IA/g, 48 h p.i.) and tumor-to-kidney ratios (0.59 ± 0.03, 48 h p.i.) in the same range as ¹⁷⁷Lu-cm10 (0.55 ± 0.07, 48 h p.i.). However, the tumor-to-kidney ratio of ¹⁷⁷Lu-cm12 (0.28 ± 0.07, 48 h p.i.) was reduced compared with ¹⁷⁷Lu-cm10 and ¹⁷⁷Lu-cm13. The results of this study indicate that the spacer entity between folic acid and the albumin binder is of critical importance with regard to the tissue distribution profile of the radiofolate. The PEG spacer compromised the beneficial effects of the lead compound, but the design with a short alkane spacer appeared to be promising. Future studies will focus on the design of radiofolates with lipophilic and more rigid spacer entities, which may allow a further improvement of their tissue distribution profiles.

Keywords: 177Lu; PEG spacer; albumin-binding entity; alkane spacer; folate radioconjugate; linker; radionuclide therapy; spacer.