Patient-safety and quality-improvement are high-priority issues. One of the ways by which this can be implemented is by training residents to gather and appraise scientific evidence, as well as to evaluate their own patient-care practices. This competency is called Practice-based Learning and Improvement (PBLI). Training in PBLI provides residents with skills and knowledge necessary to reflect on their own strengths and deficiencies, identify their own learning needs, and engage in learning for improvement. PBLI also involves teaching residents to access and integrate literature by using scientific evidence and practice experience to make better clinical decisions. Training in PBLI has been found to lead to better health outcomes. We recommend explicitly incorporating elements of PBLI training and assessment in the present residency training curriculum in India. Implementing PBLI training and assessment will also require capacity-building through targeted faculty development programs.