Using Design Thinking to Differentiate Useful From Misleading Evidence in Observational Research

Affiliations

• ¹ Meta-research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
• ² Harvard Medical School, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
• ³ Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Statistics, and Division of Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.