Acoustic and hybrid 3D-printed electrochemical biosensors for the real-time immunodetection of liver cancer cells (HepG2)

Biosens Bioelectron. 2017 Aug 15:94:500-506. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.045. Epub 2017 Mar 21.

Abstract

This study presents an efficient acoustic and hybrid three-dimensional (3D)-printed electrochemical biosensors for the detection of liver cancer cells. The biosensors function by recognizing the highly expressed tumor marker CD133, which is located on the surface of liver cancer cells. Detection was achieved by recrystallizing a recombinant S-layer fusion protein (rSbpA/ZZ) on the surface of the sensors. The fused ZZ-domain enables immobilization of the anti-CD133 antibody in a defined manner. These highly accessible anti-CD133 antibodies were employed as a sensing layer, thereby enabling the efficient detection of liver cancer cells (HepG2). The recognition of HepG2 cells was investigated in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), which enabled the label-free, real-time detection of living cells on the modified sensor surface under controlled conditions. Furthermore, the hybrid 3D additive printing strategy for biosensors facilitates both rapid development and small-scale manufacturing. The hybrid strategy of combining 3D-printed parts and more traditionally fabricated parts enables the use of optimal materials: a ceramic substrate with noble metals for the sensing element and 3D-printed capillary channels to guide and constrain the clinical sample. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements confirmed the efficiency of the fabricated sensors. Most importantly, these sensors offer low-cost and disposable detection platforms for real-world applications. Thus, as demonstrated in this study, both fabricated acoustic and electrochemical sensing platforms can detect cancer cells and therefore may have further potential in other clinical applications and drug-screening studies.

Keywords: CD133 cancer biomarker; Electrochemistry; Hybrid 3D-printed biosensor; Liver cancer cells (HepG2); QCM-D; S-layer fusion protein.

MeSH terms

  • AC133 Antigen / chemistry
  • AC133 Antigen / isolation & purification*
  • Acoustics
  • Biosensing Techniques*
  • Electrochemical Techniques
  • Hep G2 Cells
  • Humans
  • Liver Neoplasms / diagnosis*
  • Liver Neoplasms / genetics
  • Printing, Three-Dimensional
  • Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques

Substances

  • AC133 Antigen