Diabetes mellitus has spread over the world with 347 million people affected. Insulin resistance is a main pathogenic event in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) leading to a reduction in glucose uptake by peripheral tissue and increased hepatic glucose output. In this study, we have isolated four flavonoid rich fractions fraction A (FA), fraction B (FB), fraction C (FC) and fraction D (FD) from Enicostema littorale. All the fractions were preliminary screened for TLC fingerprinting, total flavonoid content. Total eight flavonoids were identified by LC/MS. Insulin resistant HepG2 (IR/HepG2) model was established by inducing insulin resistance in HepG2 cells to investigate the effect of these fractions on IR/HepG2 cell line for their glucose uptake. The results showed the significant dose dependant increase in glucose uptake of cells treated with FD. It showed significant activity at a concentration of 10μg/ml. The LC/MS results of FD demonstrated the presence of C-glycoside Swertisin which could be responsible for the effect. Further, to investigate the mechanism of action, gene expression for insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), protein kinase B (Akt-2) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) genes were evaluated by real time PCR. A significant upregulation of these genes was observed in FD treated samples, thereby indicating the enhancement of glucose uptake rate of cells via IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway.
Keywords: E. littorale; Flavonoids; Glucose transporters; Glucose uptake assay; HepG2 cell line; Insulin receptors; LC/MS.
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