Transcutaneous and invasive vagal nerve stimulations engage the same neural pathways: In-vivo human evidence

Affiliations

• ¹ Clinical Neurology, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: gianni.assenza@gmail.com.
• ² Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
• ³ Institute of Neurosurgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
• ⁴ Clinical Neurology, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
• ⁵ Clinical Neurology, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy; Institute of Neurosurgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.