1 Health Services Research Centre, National Institute of Academic Anaesthesia, Royal College of Anaesthetists, Churchill House, 35 Red Lion Square, London WC1R 4SG, UK.
2 UCL Department of Applied Health Research, UCLH NIHR Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E, UK.
3 Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, 3 floor Maples Link Corridor, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, UK.
4 Department of Anaesthesiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
5 University of Southern California Centre for Health System Innovation, Keck Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo Street, Suite 600, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.