1 From the Department of Surgery Outcomes Research Group and Center for Healthcare Policy and Research (G.H.U.), University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgery (K.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (R.J.W.); Department of General Surgery (P.R.M., N.T.M.), Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Surgery (S.K.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and Department of Surgery (M.L.C.), University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida.