This review provides a brief overview of the gluten-related conditions coeliac disease (CD), wheat allergy (WA), and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). NCGS is a new entity which includes individuals who report symptoms when exposed to gluten and benefit from gluten-free diet, but do not have CD or WA. The concept NCGS is still controversial and a subject of considerable overdiagnosis, and consensus regarding diagnostic criteria is lacking. Furthermore, the overlap with irritable bowel syndrome is unsettled.