Reverse Causality in Cardiovascular Epidemiological Research: More Common Than Imagined?

Affiliations

• ¹ From Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK (N.S.); and MRC Population Health Research Unit, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK (D.P.). naveed.sattar@glasgow.ac.uk.
• ² From Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK (N.S.); and MRC Population Health Research Unit, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK (D.P.).