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. 2017 Jul 13;7(1):5299.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05478-8.

Draft whole genome sequence of groundnut stem rot fungus Athelia rolfsii revealing genetic architect of its pathogenicity and virulence

M A Iquebal  1 , Rukam S Tomar  2 , M V Parakhia  2 , Deepak Singla  1 , Sarika Jaiswal  1 , V M Rathod  2 , S M Padhiyar  2 , Neeraj Kumar  1 , Anil Rai  1 , Dinesh Kumar  3
Affiliations
Free PMC article

Draft whole genome sequence of groundnut stem rot fungus Athelia rolfsii revealing genetic architect of its pathogenicity and virulence

M A Iquebal et al. Sci Rep. .
Free PMC article

Abstract

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil seed crop having major biotic constraint in production due to stem rot disease caused by fungus, Athelia rolfsii causing 25-80% loss in productivity. As chemical and biological combating strategies of this fungus are not very effective, thus genome sequencing can reveal virulence and pathogenicity related genes for better understanding of the host-parasite interaction. We report draft assembly of Athelia rolfsii genome of ~73 Mb having 8919 contigs. Annotation analysis revealed 16830 genes which are involved in fungicide resistance, virulence and pathogenicity along with putative effector and lethal genes. Secretome analysis revealed CAZY genes representing 1085 enzymatic genes, glycoside hydrolases, carbohydrate esterases, carbohydrate-binding modules, auxillary activities, glycosyl transferases and polysaccharide lyases. Repeat analysis revealed 11171 SSRs, LTR, GYPSY and COPIA elements. Comparative analysis with other existing ascomycotina genome predicted conserved domain family of WD40, CYP450, Pkinase and ABC transporter revealing insight of evolution of pathogenicity and virulence. This study would help in understanding pathogenicity and virulence at molecular level and development of new combating strategies. Such approach is imperative in endeavour of genome based solution in stem rot disease management leading to better productivity of groundnut crop in tropical region of world.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Estimation of genome size and k-mer value using kmergenie software.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of blast hits among the different fungal species.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) GO-term for Molecular function. (B) GO-term for Cellular component. (C) GO-term for Biological function.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Pie chart of repeats in A. rolfsii genome.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic representation of Secretome Analysis in A. rolfsii.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Distribution of A. rolfsii pathogenicity related genes in different classes.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Depicted the distribution of Cazy families into A.rolfsii secretome (inner circle) and whole proteome (outer circle). GH: Glycoside Hydrolases, GT: Glycosyl Transferases, PL: Polysaccharide Lyases, CE: Carbohydrate Esterases, CBM: Carbohydrate-Binding Modules, and AA: Auxillary Activities.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Phylogenetic tree showing the phylogenetic relationship amongst different fungal genomes belonging to class Agaricomycetes.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Venn diagram of orthologous gene family among the four fungal species.
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