This Statistical Brief presents data from the Household Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS-HC) regarding medical expenditures associated with the five most costly conditions for children ages 0 - 17 in 2012. The five most costly conditions among children (mental disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, trauma-related disorders, acute bronchitis and upper respiratory infections, and infectious diseases) were determined by totaling and ranking the expenses by condition for all medical care provided in 2012. Expenditures may be associated with more than one condition and are not unduplicated in the condition totals. Only differences between estimates that are statistically significant at the 0.05 level are discussed in the text.