Although periorbital emphysema (PE) is commonly associated with orbital fractures, it may develop without any fracture or significant trauma in circumstances such as post-surgery, infection, forceful nose blowing, sneezing, and weight lifting. We report on a healthy military diver who developed PE following a wet chamber dive. A diagnosis of PE secondary to sinus barotrauma was reached. He was treated conservatively without medication and his symptoms recovered completely within 10 days. To the best of our knowledge, only five cases of diving-related PE have been reported in the literature. Analysis of these cases and ours revealed that facial trauma, repeated forceful Valsalva manoeuvres and recent upper respiratory tract infection are probable risk factors for diving-related PE.
Keywords: Barotrauma; Diving medicine; Military diving; Risk factors; Simulation; Training; Valsalva manoeuvre.