A 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-Fortified Dairy Drink Is More Effective at Raising a Marker of Postprandial Vitamin D Status than Cholecalciferol in Men with Suboptimal Vitamin D Status

Abstract

Background: One strategy for improving population vitamin D status is consumption of fortified foods. However, the effects of dairy products fortified with different vitamin D isoforms on postprandial vitamin D status and metabolic outcomes have not been addressed.Objective: We investigated whether consumption of dairy drinks fortified with either 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D₃] or cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) had differential effects on 24-h circulating plasma 25(OH)D₃ concentration (a marker of vitamin D status) and cardiometabolic risk markers.Methods: A randomized, controlled, 3-way crossover, double-blind, postprandial study was conducted in 17 men with suboptimal vitamin D status [mean ± SEM age: 49 ± 3 y; body mass index (in kg/m²): 26.4 ± 0.6; and plasma 25(OH)D₃ concentration: 31.7 ± 3.4 nmol/L]. They were randomly assigned to consume 3 different test meals (4.54 MJ, 51 g fat, 125 g carbohydrate, and 23 g protein), which contained either a nonfortified dairy drink (control), 20 μg 25(OH)D₃-fortified (+HyD₃) dairy drink, or 20 μg vitamin D₃-fortified (+D₃) dairy drink with toasted bread and jam on different occasions, separated by a 2-wk washout. Plasma 25(OH)D₃ concentrations and cardiometabolic risk markers, including vascular stiffness, serum lipids, and inflammatory markers, were measured frequently within 8 h postprandially and 24 h after the dairy drink was consumed.Results: Plasma 25(OH)D₃ concentrations (the primary outcome) were significantly higher after the +HyD₃ dairy drink was consumed compared with +D₃ and control (P = 0.019), which was reflected in the 1.5-fold and 1.8-fold greater incremental area under the curve for the 0-8 h response, respectively. The change in plasma 25(OH)D₃ concentrations from baseline to 24 h for the +HyD₃ dairy drink was also 0.9-fold higher than the +D₃ dairy drink and 4.4-fold higher than the control (P < 0.0001), which were not significantly different from each other.Conclusion: The dairy drink fortified with 25(OH)D₃ was more effective at raising plasma 25(OH)D₃ concentrations postprandially than was the dairy drink fortified with vitamin D₃ in men with suboptimal vitamin D status. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02535910.

Keywords: 25(OH)D3; augmentation index; butter; dairy drink; milk; vascular function; vitamin D status; vitamin D3.