Toxicological evaluation of two novel bitter modifying flavour compounds: 3-(1-((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-hydroxybenzyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione and 3-(1-((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione

Donald S Karanewsky; Amy J Arthur; Hanghui Liu; Bert Chi; Lily Ida; Stacy Markison

doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.02.007

Toxicological evaluation of two novel bitter modifying flavour compounds: 3-(1-((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-hydroxybenzyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione and 3-(1-((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione

Toxicol Rep. 2016 Feb 28:3:310-327. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.02.007. eCollection 2016.

Authors

Donald S Karanewsky¹, Amy J Arthur¹, Hanghui Liu¹, Bert Chi¹, Lily Ida¹, Stacy Markison¹

Affiliation

¹ Senomyx, Inc., 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States.

Abstract

A toxicological evaluation of two novel bitter modifying flavour compounds, 3-(1-((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-hydroxybenzyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (S6821, CAS 1119831-25-2) and 3-(1-((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (S7958, CAS 1217341-48-4), were completed for the purpose of assessing their safety for use in food and beverage applications. S6821 undergoes oxidative metabolism in vitro, and in rat pharmacokinetic studies both S6821 and S7958 are rapidly converted to the corresponding O-sulfate and O-glucuronide conjugates. S6821 was not found to be mutagenic or clastogenic in vitro, and did not induce micronuclei in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes in vivo. S7958, a close structural analog of S6821, was also found to be non-mutagenic in vitro. In short term and subchronic oral toxicity studies in rats, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for both S7958 and S6821 was 100 mg/kg bw/day (highest dose tested) when administered as a food ad-mix for either 28 or 90 consecutive days, respectively. Furthermore, S6821 demonstrated a lack of maternal toxicity, as well as adverse effects on fetal morphology at the highest dose tested, providing a NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day for both maternal toxicity and embryo/fetal development when administered orally during gestation to pregnant rats.

Keywords: AUC, area under the curve; CL, plasma clearance; CYP, cytochrome P450; Cmax, peak plasma concentration; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; FEMA GRAS; FEMA, Flavour and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States; GLP, Good Laboratory Practices; GMP, good manufacturing practices; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptors; Genetic toxicological evaluation; HPBL, human peripheral blood lymphocytes; JECFA, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives; LC/MS, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry; MC, methylcellulose; MRM, multiple-reaction monitoring; MSDI, maximized survey-derived intake; MTD, maximum tolerated dose; NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect-level; NOEL, no-observed-effect-level; OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; PCE, polychromatic erythrocytes; PK, pharmacokinetics; S6821; S7958; SPET, single portion exposure technique; Subchronic toxicological evaluation; TE, total erythrocytes; TK, toxicokinetics; Tmax, time to reach Cmax; Vss, volume of distribution at steady-state; mnPCE, micronucleated bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes; t1/2, half-life.