Determination of threshold value for follow-up of isolated antenatal hydronephrosis detected in the second trimester

Abstract

Introduction: Isolated antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH), defined as a dilation of the renal pelvis (≥5 mm), is one of the most common abnormalities detected on prenatal ultrasound. However, established cut-off values for postnatal follow-up differ between countries and are based on little evidence. The current protocol in the Netherlands for follow-up might be too conservative.

Objective: To assess the applicability of a higher threshold for follow-up of isolated antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) than the current practice, without the risk of missing significant postnatal urinary tract obstruction.

Study design: Retrospective case series on all fetuses with isolated ANH (anteroposterior pelvic diameter (APPD) ≥5 mm) at the second trimester anomaly scan, and diagnosed between 2000 and 2009, in relationship to renal outcome.

Results: A total of 279 infants with second trimester isolated ANH were included. In 201/279 (72%) fetuses, ANH had normalized (APPD <10 mm) before the third trimester scans. Hydronephrosis persisted postnatally in a minority of 56/279 (20.1%). Postnatal assessment showed signs of obstruction in 41/279 (14.7%) infants, duplicated collecting system or vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Surgery was performed in 18/279 (6.5%) infants. A non-functioning kidney was shown in 6/279 (2.2%) infants with ANH. Mild ANH (APPD <7 mm) during the second trimester (172/279 (61.6%)) never resulted in surgery for renal anomalies or non-functioning kidney. Infants with an APPD ≥10 mm in the second trimester were far more likely to develop renal anomalies or undergo surgery compared with infants with an APPD 7-10 mm. The number of non-functioning kidneys was too low to be conclusive.

Conclusions: Follow-up ultrasounds for isolated ANH ≥7 mm instead of ≥5 mm at the second trimester scan would have saved 62% of third trimester scans, without missing any infant with a non-functioning kidney, significant obstruction or symptomatic VUR. In view of the results, it is reasonable that referral for follow-up of second trimester ANH is not strictly indicated in cases with an APPD <7 mm.

Keywords: Antenatal; Anteroposterior pelvic diameter (APPD); Hydronephrosis; Outcome; Renal.