Lateral Intercondylar Ridge: Is it a reliable landmark for femoral ACL insertion?: An anatomical study

Abstract

Background: Incorrect femoral tunnel placement is the most common cause of graft failure during Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction. A reliable landmark can minimize errors.

Aim: To identify whether the Lateral Intercondylar Ridge (LIR) is a consistent anatomical structure and define its relationship with the femoral ACL insertion.

Materials and methods: Phase 1: we studied 23 femoral dry bone specimens macroscopically. Using a digital microscribe, the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle was reconstructed (3D) to evaluate whether there was an identifiable bony ridge. Phase 2: 7 cadaveric specimens with intact soft tissues were dissected to identify the femoral ACL insertion. A 3D reconstruction of the femoral ACL insertion and the surface allowed us to define the relationship between the LIR and the ACL insertion.

Results: All specimens had a defined LIR on the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle. The ridge was consistently located just anterior to the femoral ACL insertion. The ACL footprint was present in the depression between the ridge and the Inferior Articular Cartilage Margin (IACM). The mean distance from the midpoint of the IACM to the LIR was 10.1 mm.

Conclusions: This is the first study to use the microscribe to digitally reconstruct the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle. It shows that the LIR is a consistent anatomical structure that defines the anterior margin of the femoral ACL insertion, which guides femoral tunnel placement. Our findings support the ruler technique, which is a commonly used method for anatomic single bundle ACL reconstruction.

Keywords: ACL reconstruction; Digital microscribe; Femoral ACL insertion; Lateral Intercondylar Ridge.