Background: Newcomers bring with them histories of environmental exposure in their home countries and may have different sources of lead (Pb) exposure compared to other residents of their adopted country.
Aims: To describe past and current factors associated with Pb exposure and blood Pb among South and East Asian newcomer women of reproductive age in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Ontario, Canada.
Methods: In collaboration with public health units and community organizations a community-based research model was utilized by recruiting peer researchers to assist in all aspects of the study. Blood samples were taken and phone interviews were conducted. Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) cycles 1, 2, and 3 data was used to contextualize the distribution blood Pb levels. Multiple regression was applied to log-transformed blood lead measurements, using a hierarchical model building process.
Results: In total, 211 participants were recruited from Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The distribution of the blood Pb varied by country of origin, and higher blood Pb values were found above 75th percentile compared to the CHMS. Distal factors significantly influencing blood Pb concentrations related to life history, such as duration of stay in Canada (RR=0.91; 95% CI 0.86-0.97), living near agricultural fields (RR=0.78; 95% CI 0.62-0.93), and country of origin. Proximal factors with significant contribution were use of cosmetics, traditional remedies, and smoking cigarettes.
Recommendations: Different past and current exposures may be important in various newcomer populations, informing international stakeholders, public health agencies, and primary care practitioners to adapt health education and exposure reduction programs to consider pre- and post-migration factors.
Keywords: Biomonitoring; Immigrants; Lead; Transnational exposures; Women.
Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.