Seneca Valley Virus 3Cpro abrogates the IRF3- and IRF7-mediated innate immune response by degrading IRF3 and IRF7

Abstract

Seneca Valley Virus (SVV) is a newly emerged virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Basic knowledge of the immunological response to SVV is limited. To date, one study has demonstrated that SVV 3C^pro mediates the cleavage of host MAVS, TRIF, and TANK at specific sites and consequently escapes the host's antiviral innate immunity. In this study, we show that SVV 3C^pro reduces IRF3 and IRF7 protein expression level and phosphorylation. SVV infection also reduces expression of IRF3 and IRF7 protein. The degradation of IRF3 and IRF7 is dependent on the 3C^pro protease activity. We also identify interactions between 3C^pro and IRF3 and IRF7 in PK-15 cells. A detailed analysis revealed that the degradation of IRF3 and IRF7 blocks the transcription of IFN-β, IFN-α1, IFN-α4, and ISG54. Together, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism developed by SVV 3C^pro to allow the virus to escape the host's intrinsic innate immune system.

Keywords: 3C-like protease; IRF3; IRF7; Innate immunity; Seneca Valley Virus.