Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2018 Feb 12;2(2):CD004121.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004121.pub4.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents to induce regression and prevent the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Shannon M Grabosch  1 , Osman M Shariff, C William Helm
Affiliations
Review

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents to induce regression and prevent the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Shannon M Grabosch et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in 2014, Issue 4. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) precedes the development of invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Current treatment of CIN is quite effective, but there is morbidity for the patient related to pain, bleeding, infection, cervical stenosis and premature birth in a subsequent pregnancy. Effective treatment with medications, rather than surgery, would be beneficial.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, to induce regression and prevent the progression of CIN.

Search methods: Previously, we searched the Cochrane Gynaecological Cancer Group Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2013, Issue 11), MEDLINE (November, 2013) and Embase (November week 48, 2013). An updated search was performed in August 2017 for CENTRAL (2017, Issue 8), MEDLINE (July, week 3, 2017) and Embase (July week 31, 2017). Trial registries and journals were also searched as part of the update.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled trials of NSAIDs in the treatment of CIN.

Data collection and analysis: Three review authors independently abstracted data and assessed risks of bias in accordance with Cochrane methodology. Outcome data were pooled using fixed-effect meta-analyses.

Main results: In three RCTs, 171 women over the age of 18 years were randomised to receive celecoxib 400 mg daily for 14 to 18 weeks versus placebo (one study, 130 participants), celecoxib 200 mg twice daily by mouth for six months versus placebo (one study, 25 participants), or rofecoxib 25 mg once daily by mouth for three months versus placebo (one study, 16 participants). The study with rofecoxib was discontinued when the medicine was withdrawn from the market in 2004. The trials ran from June 2005 to April 2012, June 2002 to October 2003, and May to October 2004, respectively. We have chosen to include the data from the rofecoxib study as outcomes may be similar when other such NSAIDs are utilised.Partial or complete regression of CIN 2 or CIN 3 occurred in 31 out of 70 (44%) in the treatment arms and 19 of 62 (31%) in the placebo arms (risk ratio (RR) 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 2.27; P value 0.10), three studies, 132 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Complete regression of CIN 2 or CIN 3 occurred in 15 of 62 (24%) of those receiving celecoxib versus 10 of 54 (19%) of those receiving placebo (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.65 to 2.67; P value 0.45, two studies, 116 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Partial regression of CIN 2 or CIN 3 occurred in 14 of 62 (23%) of those receiving celecoxib versus 8 of 54 (15%) of those receiving placebo (RR 1.56, 95% CI 0.72 to 3.4; P value 0.26), two studies, 116 participants; moderate-certainty evidence).Progression to a higher grade of CIN, but not to invasive cancer, occurred in one of 12 (8%) of those receiving celecoxib and two of 13 (15%) receiving placebo (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.05 to 5.24; P value 0.60, one study, 25 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Two studies reported no cases of progression to invasive cancer within the timeframe of the study. No toxicity was reported in the two original articles. The trial added in this update had one Grade 3 gastrointestinal adverse effect in the treatment arm, but otherwise had similar Grade 1 to 2 side effects between treatment and placebo groups. Although the studies were well-conducted and randomised, some risk of bias was detected in all studies. Furthermore, the duration of the studies was short, which may mask identifying progression to cancer.The addition of the trial in this update quadrupled the number of patients in the original review and was a well-designed multicentre trial thus, increasing the overall certainty of evidence from very low to moderate for this review.

Authors' conclusions: There are currently no convincing data to support a benefit for NSAIDs in the treatment of CIN. With the addition of this new, larger randomised trial we would rate this as overall moderate-certainty evidence by the GRADE criteria.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Farley 2006 {published data only}
    1. Farley JH, Truong V, Goo E, Uyehara C, Belnap C, Larsen WI. A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled phase II trial of the cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor Celecoxib in the treatment of cervical neoplasia. Gynecologic Oncology 2006;103(2):425‐30. [PUBMED: 16677697] - PubMed
Hefler 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hefler LA, Grimm C, Speiser P, Sliutz G, Reinthaller A. The cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor rofecoxib (Vioxx) in the treatment of cervical dysplasia grade II‐III. A phase II trial. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2005;125(2):251‐4. [PUBMED: 16188370] - PubMed
Rader 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rader JS, Sill MW, Beumer JH, Lankes HA, Benbrook DM, Garcia F, et al. A stratified randomized double‐blind phase II trial of celecoxib for treating patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: The potential predictive value of VEGF serum levels: An NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecologic Oncology 2017;145(2):291‐7. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ferrandina 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ferrandina G, Ranelletti FO, Legge F, Lauriola L, Salutari V, Gessi M, et al. Celecoxib modulates the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2, ki67, apoptosis‐related marker, and microvessel density in human cervical cancer: a pilot study. Clinical Cancer Research 2003;9(12):4324‐31. [PUBMED: 14555502] - PubMed
Herrera 2007 {published data only}
    1. Herrera FG, Chan P, Doll C, Milosevic M, Oza A, Syed A, et al. A prospective phase I‐II trial of the cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor celecoxib in patients with carcinoma of the cervix with biomarker assessment of the tumor microenvironment. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics 2006;67(1):97‐103. [PUBMED: 17056201] - PubMed
Mitchell 1995 {published data only}
    1. Mitchell MF, Hittelman WK, Lotan R, Nishioka K, Tortolero‐Luna G, Richards‐Kortum R, et al. Chemoprevention trials and surrogate end point biomarkers in the cervix. Cancer 1995;76(10 Suppl):1956‐77. [PUBMED: 8634987] - PubMed
Vlastos 2003 {published data only}
    1. Vlastos AT, Schottenfeld D, Follen M. Biomarkers and their use in cervical cancer chemoprevention. Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology 2003;46(3):261‐73. [PUBMED: 12791426] - PubMed

Additional references

Alvarez 2003
    1. Alvarez RD, Conner MG, Weiss H, Klug PM, Niwas S, Manne U, et al. The efficacy of 9‐cis retinoic acid (aliretinoin) as a chemopreventive agent for cervical dysplasia: results of a randomized double blind clinical trial. Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2003;12(2):114‐9. [PUBMED: 12582020] - PubMed
Arber 2006
    1. Arber N, Eagle CJ, Spicak J, Rácz I, Dite P, Hajer J, et al. PreSAP Trial Investigators. Celecoxib for the prevention of colorectal adenomatous polyps. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;355:885‐95. [PUBMED: 16943401] - PubMed
Arbyn 2008
    1. Arbyn M, Kyrgiou M, Simoens C, Raifu AO, Koliopoulos G, Martin‐Hirsch P, et al. Perinatal mortality and other severe adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: meta‐analysis. BMJ 2008;337:a1284. [PUBMED: 18801868] - PMC - PubMed
Bertagnolli 2006
    1. Bertagnolli MM, Eagle CJ, Zauber AG, Redston M, Solomon SD, Kim K, et al. APC Study Investigators. Celecoxib for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;355(9):873‐84. [PUBMED: 16943400] - PubMed
Bleecker 2014
    1. Bleecker E, Koehler E, Smith J, Budwit D, Rahangdale L. Outcomes after management of young women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 with a 6‐month observation protocol. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 2014;18(1):46‐9. [PUBMED: 23959297] - PubMed
Cao 2002
    1. Cao Y, Prescott SM. Many actions of cyclooxygenase‐2 in cellular dynamics and in cancer. Journal of Cell Physiology 2002;190(3):279‐86. [PUBMED: 11857443] - PubMed
DeWitt 1991
    1. DeWitt DL. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: regulation of enzyme expression. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1991;1083(2):121‐34. [PUBMED: 1903657] - PubMed
Dursun 2007
    1. Dursun P, Yuce K, Usubutun A, Ayhan A. Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III and squamous cell cervical carcinoma, and its correlation with clinicopathologic variables. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 2007;17(1):164‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Eberhart 1994
    1. Eberhart CE, Coffey RJ, Radhik A. Up‐regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 1994;107(4):1183‐8. [PUBMED: 7926468] - PubMed
Elmets 2010
    1. Elmets CA, Viner JL, Pentland AP, Cantrell W, Lin HY, Bailey H, et al. Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer with celecoxib: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2010;102(24):1835‐44. [PUBMED: 21115882] - PMC - PubMed
Farley 2004
    1. Farley J, Uyehara C, Hashiro G, Belnap C, Birrer M, Salminen E. Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression predicts recurrence of cervical dysplasia following loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Gynecologic Oncology 2004;92(2):596‐602. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ferlay 2010
    1. Ferlay J, Shin H‐R, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. International Journal of Cancer 2010;127(12):2893‐917. [PubMed: : 21351269] - PubMed
Ferrandina 2000
    1. Ferrandina G, Lauriola L, Zannoni GF, Distefano MG, Legge F, Salutari V, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in tumour and stroma compartments in cervical cancer: clinical implications. Cancer 2002;87(10):1145‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ferrandina 2002
    1. Ferrandina G, Lauriola L, Distefano MF, Zannoni GF, Gessi M, Legge F, et al. Increased cyclooxygenase‐2 expression is associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor survival in cervical cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2002;20(4):973‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fischer 1999
    1. Fischer SM, Lo HH, Gordon GB, Seibert K, Kelloff G, Lubert RA, et al. Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor, and indomethacin against ultraviolet‐light induced skin carcinogenesis. Molecular Carcinogenesis 1999;25(4):231‐40. [PUBMED: 10449029] - PubMed
Fischer 2011
    1. Fischer SM, Hawk ET, Lubet RA. Coxibs and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in animal models of cancer prevention. Cancer Prevention Research 2011;4(11):1728‐35. [PUBMED: 21778329] - PMC - PubMed
Follen 2001
    1. Follen M, Atkinson EN, Schottenfeld D, Malpica A, West L, Lippman S, et al. A randomized clinical trial of 4‐hydroxyphenylretinamide for high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. Clinical Cancer Research 2001;7(11):3356‐65. [PUBMED: 11705848] - PubMed
Gaffney 2001
    1. Gaffney DK, Holden J, Davies M. Elevated cyclooxygenase‐2 expression correlates with diminished survival in carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation, Oncology, Biology and Physics 2001;49(5):1213‐7. [PUBMED: 11286825] - PubMed
Gaffney 2003
    1. Gaffney DK, Haslam D, Tsodikov A, Hammond E, Seaman J, Holden J, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) negatively affect overall survival in carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2003;56(4):922‐8. [PUBMED: 12829126] - PubMed
Grosser 2006
    1. Grosser T, Fries S, FitzGerald GA. Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX‐2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006;116(1):4‐15. [PUBMED: 16395396] - PMC - PubMed
Harris 2000
    1. Harris RE, Alshafie GA, Abou‐Isaa H, Seibert K. Chemoprevention of breast cancer in rats by celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor. Cancer Research 2000;60(8):2101‐3. [PUBMED: 10786667] - PubMed
Hershmann 1996
    1. Herschman HR. Prostaglandin synthase 2. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1996;1299(1):125‐40. [PUBMED: 8555245] - PubMed
Hia 1992
    1. Hia T, Neilson K. Human cyclooxygenase‐2 cDNA. Proceedings of National Academy of Science USA 1992;89(16):7384‐8. [PUBMED: 1380156] - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Huang 1998
    1. Huang D, Skollard D, Sharma S. Non‐small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase‐2‐dependent regulation of cytokine balance in lymphocytes and macrophages: up regulation of interleukins 10 and down regulation of interleukins 12 production. Cancer Research 1998;58(6):1208‐16. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hwang 1998
    1. Hwang D, Scollard D, Byrne J, Levine E. Expression of cyclooxygenase‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2 in human breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1998;90(6):455‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jaisamrarn 2013
    1. Jaisamrarn U, Castellsagué X, Garland SM, Naud P, Palmroth J, Rosario‐Raymundo MR, et al. HPV PATRICIA Study Group. Natural history of progression of HPV infection to cervical lesion or clearance: analysis of the control arm of the large, randomised PATRICIA study. PLOS One 2013;8(11):e79260. [PUBMED: 24260180] - PMC - PubMed
Kawamori 1998
    1. Kawamori T, Rao CV, Seibert K, Reddy BS. Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor against colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Research 1998;58(3):409‐12. [PUBMED: 9458081] - PubMed
Kelloff 1996
    1. Kelloff GJ, Boone CW, Crowell JA, Steele VE, Lubet RA, Doody LA. New agents for cancer chemoprevention. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 1996;26S:1‐28. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kim 2002
    1. Kim YB, Kim GE, Cho NH, Pyo HR, Shim SJ, Chang SK, et al. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase‐2 is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with radiation and concurrent chemotherapy. Cancer 2002;95(3):531‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kim 2003
    1. Kim MH, Seo SS, Song YS, Kang DH, Park IA, Kang SB, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase‐1 and ‐2 associated with expression of VEGF in primary cervical cancer and at metastatic lymph nodes. Gynecologic Oncology 2003;90(1):83‐90. [PUBMED: PMID: 12821346] - PubMed
Kim 2005
    1. Kim JY, Lim SJ, Park K, Lee CM, Kim J. Cyclooxygenase‐2 and c‐erbB‐2 expression in uterine cervical neoplasm assessed using tissue microarrays. Gynecologic Oncology 2005;97(2):337‐41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kulkarni 2001
    1. Kulkarni S, Rader JS, Zhang F, Liapis H, Koki AT, Masferrer JL, et al. Cyclooxygenase‐2 is overexpressed in human cervical cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 2001;7:429‐34. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lim 2000
    1. Lim HY, Joo HJ, Choi JH, Yi JW, Yang MS, Cho DY, et al. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 protein in human gastric carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research 2000;6(2):519‐25. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Liu 2000
    1. Liu XH, Kirschenbaum A, Yao S, Lee R, Holland JF, Levine AC. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase‐2 suppresses angiogenesis and the growth of prostate cancer in vivo. Journal of Urology 2000;164(3):820‐5. [PUBMED: 10953162] - PubMed
Martin‐Hirsch 2010
    1. Martin‐Hirsch PPL, Paraskevaidis E, Bryant A, Dickinson HO, Keep SL. Surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001318.pub3; PUBMED: 20556751] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mitchell 2007
    1. Mitchell A, Newton JM, Brite K, Einspahr J, Ellis M, Davis J, et al. Cyclooxygenase 2 expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and vulvar cancer. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 2007;11(2):80‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mohammed 1999
    1. Mohammed SI, Knapp DW, Bostwick DG, Foster RS, Khan KN, Masferrer JL, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in human invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. Cancer Research 1999;59(22):5647‐50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Munkarah 2005
    1. Munkarah A, Ali‐Fehmi R. COX‐2: a protein with an active role in gynecological cancers. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;17(1):49‐53. [PUBMED: 15711411] - PubMed
Munoz 2006
    1. Munoz N, Castellsague X, Gonzalez AB, Gissmann L. Chapter 1: HPV in the etiology of human cancer. Vaccine 2006;24(Suppl 3):S1‐S10. [PUBMED: 16949995] - PubMed
Narisawa 1981
    1. Narisawa T, Sato M, Tani M, Kudo T, Takahashi T, Goto A. Inhibition of development of methylnitrosourea‐induced rat colon tumors by indomethacin treatment. Cancer Research 1981;41(5):1954‐7. [PUBMED: 7214363] - PubMed
Okajima 1998
    1. Okajima E, Denda A, Ozono S, Takahama M, Akai H, Sasaki Y, et al. Chemopreventive effects of nimesulide, a selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor, on the development of rat urinary bladder carcinomas initiated by N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine. Cancer Research 1998;58(14):3028‐31. [PUBMED: 9679967] - PubMed
Paraskevaidis 2004
    1. Paraskevaidis E, Arbyn M, Sotiriadis A, Diakomanolis E, Martin‐Hirsch P, Koliopoulos G, et al. The role of HPV DNA testing in the follow‐up period after treatment for CIN: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Treatment Reviews 2004;30:205‐11. [PUBMED: 15023438] - PubMed
Pockaj 2004
    1. Pockaj BA, Basu GD, Pathangey LB, Gray RJ, Hernandez JL, Gendler SJ, et al. Reduced T‐cell and dendritic cell function is related to cyclooxygenase‐2 overexpression and prostaglandin E2 secretion in patients with breast cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2004;11(3):328‐39. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Psaty 2006
    1. Psaty BM, Potter JD. Risks and benefits of celecoxib to prevent recurrent adenomas. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;355(9):950‐2. [PUBMED: 16943408] - PubMed
Reddy 2000
    1. Reddy BS, Hirose Y, Lubet R, Steele V, Kelloff G, Paulson S, et al. Chemoprevention of colon cancer by specific cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor, celecoxib, administered during different stages of carcinogenesis. Cancer Research 2000;60(2):293‐7. [PUBMED: 10667579] - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Ryu 2000
    1. Ryu HS, Chang KH, Yang HW, Kim MS, Kwon HC, Oh KS. High cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in stage 1B cervical cancer with lymph node metastasis or parametrial invasion. Gynecologic Oncology 2000;76(3):320‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shamma 2000
    1. Shamma A, Yamamoto H, Doki Y, Okami J, Kondo M, Fujiwara Y, et al. Up‐regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 in squamous carcinogenesis of the oesophagus. Clinical Cancer Research 2000;6(4):1229‐38. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shariat 2003
    1. Shariat SF, Kim JH, Ayala GE, Kho K, Wheeler TM, Lerner SP. Cyclooxygenase‐2 is highly expressed in carcinoma in situ and T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Journal of Urology 2003;169(3):938‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shirahama 2000
    1. Shirahama T. Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression is up‐regulated in transitional cell carcinoma and its preneoplastic lesions in the human urinary bladder. Clinical Cancer Research 2000;6(6):2424‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sobolewski 2010
    1. Sobolewski C, Cerella C, Dicato M, Ghibelli L, Diederich M. The role of cyclooxygenase‐2 in cell proliferation and cell death in human malignancies. International Journal of Cell Biology 2010 Mar 17 [Epub ahead of print]. [PUBMED: 20339581] - PMC - PubMed
Soslow 2000
    1. Soslow RA, Dannenberg AJ, Rush D, Woerner BM, Khan KN, Masferrer J, et al. COX‐2 is expressed in human pulmonary, colonic, and mammary tumors. Cancer 2000;89(12):2637‐45. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Soutter 1997
    1. Soutter WP, Barros Lopes A, Fletcher A, Monaghan JM, Duncan ID, Paraskevaidis E, et al. Invasive cervical cancer after conservative therapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Lancet 1997;349(9057):978‐80. [PUBMED: 9100623] - PubMed
Stolina 2000
    1. Stolina M, Sharma S, Lin Y, Dohadwala M, Gardner B, Luo J, et al. Specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase‐2 restores tumor reactivity by altering the balance of IL‐10 and IL‐12 synthesis. Journal of Immunology 2000;164(1):361‐70. [PUBMED: 10605031] - PubMed
Surh 2005
    1. Surh Y‐J, Kundu JM. Signal transduction network leading to COX‐2 induction: a road map in search of cancer chemopreventives. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2005;28(1):1‐15. [PUBMED: 15742801] - PubMed
Tan 2005
    1. Tan KB, Putti TC. Cyclooxygenase 2 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: immunohistochemical findings and potential implications. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2005;58(5):535‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tsujii 1995
    1. Tsujii M, Dubois RN. Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells over expressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2. Cell 1995;83(3):493‐501. [PUBMED: 8521479] - PubMed
Tsujii 1997
    1. Tsujii M, Kawano S, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in human colon cancer cells increases metastatic potential. Proceedings of National Academy of Science USA 1997;94(7):3336‐40. [PUBMED: 9096394] - PMC - PubMed
Tsujii 1998
    1. Tsujii M, Kawano S, Tsujii S, Sawaoka H, Hori M, Dubois RN. Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells. Cell 1998;93(5):705‐16. [PUBMED: 9630216] - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Grabosch 2014
    1. Grabosch SM, Shariff OM, Wulf JL, Helm CW. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents to induce regression and prevent the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004121.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Helm 2003
    1. Helm CW, Meyer NJ. Anti‐inflammatory agents for preventing the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004121] - DOI
Shariff 2008
    1. Shariff OM, Wulff JL, Helm CW. Anti‐inflammatory agents for preventing the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004121.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

MeSH terms