Longitudinal Analysis of Music Education on Executive Functions in Primary School Children

Abstract

Background: Research on the effects of music education on cognitive abilities has generated increasing interest across the scientific community. Nonetheless, longitudinal studies investigating the effects of structured music education on cognitive sub-functions are still rare. Prime candidates for investigating a relationship between academic achievement and music education appear to be executive functions such as planning, working memory, and inhibition. Methods: One hundred and forty-seven primary school children, M_age = 6.4 years, SD = 0.65 were followed for 2.5 years. Participants were randomized into four groups: two music intervention groups, one active visual arts group, and a no arts control group. Neuropsychological tests assessed verbal intelligence and executive functions. Additionally, a national pupil monitor provided data on academic performance. Results: Children in the visual arts group perform better on visuospatial memory tasks as compared to the three other conditions. However, the test scores on inhibition, planning and verbal intelligence increased significantly in the two music groups over time as compared to the visual art and no arts controls. Mediation analysis with executive functions and verbal IQ as mediator for academic performance have shown a possible far transfer effect from executive sub-function to academic performance scores. Discussion: The present results indicate a positive influence of long-term music education on cognitive abilities such as inhibition and planning. Of note, following a two-and-a-half year long visual arts program significantly improves scores on a visuospatial memory task. All results combined, this study supports a far transfer effect from music education to academic achievement mediated by executive sub-functions.

Keywords: executive functions; far transfer; intelligence; longitudinal analysis; music.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of testing moments (T).

Figure 2

Participant flow chart.

Figure 3

Visuospatial working memory span over time with standard deviation. The left graphs show the differences of all four groups on the visuospatial sketchpad, the right graph shows increase on the central executive.

Figure 4

Verbal intelligence score over time with standard deviation.

Figure 5

Increase on the total score obtained in the Tower of London task with standard deviation.

Figure 6

Inhibition levels as measured on stop stimulus reaction time. A lower SSRT indicates a more efficient level of inhibition with standard deviation.