Microarray analysis for delineating the gene expression in biopsies of gastrocnemius muscle of patients with chronic critical limb ischaemia compared with non-ischaemic controls

Abstract

Background: Microarray analysis has been carried out in this pilot study to compare delineated gene expression profiles in the biopsies of skeletal muscle taken from patients with chronic critical limb ischaemia (CLI) and non-ischaemic control subjects.

Patients and methods: Biopsy of gastrocnemius muscle was obtained from six patients with unreconstructed CLI referred for surgical major amputation. As control, biopsies of six patients undergoing elective knee arthroplasty without evidence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease were taken. The differences in gene expression associated with angiogenic processes in specimens obtained from ischaemic and non-ischaemic skeletal muscle were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.

Results: Compared with non-ischaemic skeletal muscle biopsy of chronic-ischaemic skeletal muscle contained 55 significantly up-regulated and 45 down-regulated genes, out of which 64 genes had a known genetic product. Tissue samples of ischaemic muscle were characterized by increased expression of cell survival factors (e. g. tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2) in combination with reduced expression of cell proliferation effectors (e. g. microfibrillar-associated protein 5 and transferrin receptor). The expression of growth factors (e. g. early growth response 3 and chemokine receptor chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 4) which play a central role in arterial and angiogenic processes and anti-angiogenetic factors (e. g. pentraxin 3) were increased in chronic ischaemic skeletal muscle. An increased expression of extracellular matrix proteins (e. g. cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61) was also observed.

Conclusions: Gene expression profiles in biopsies of gastrocnemius muscle in patients with chronic critical limb ischaemia showed an increase in pro-survival factors, extracellular matrix protein deposition, and impaired proliferation, compared with non-ischaemic controls. Further studies are required to analyse the endogenous repair mechanism.

Keywords: Human chronic critical limb ischaemia; angiogenesis; gene expression; microarray.