Development of a Novel Bone Conduction Verification Tool Using a Surface Microphone: Validation With Percutaneous Bone Conduction Users

Abstract

Objectives: To determine if a newly-designed, forehead-mounted surface microphone would yield equivalent estimates of audibility when compared to audibility measured with a skull simulator for adult bone conduction users.

Design: Data was analyzed using a within subjects, repeated measures design. There were two different sensors (skull simulator and surface microphone) measuring the same hearing aid programmed to the same settings for all subjects. We were looking for equivalent results.

Patients: Twenty-one adult percutaneous bone conduction users (12 females and 9 males) were recruited for this study. Mean age was 54.32 years with a standard deviation of 14.51 years. Nineteen of the subjects had conductive/mixed hearing loss and two had single-sided deafness.

Methods: To define audibility, we needed to establish two things: (1) in situ-level thresholds at each audiometric frequency in force (skull simulator) and in sound pressure level (SPL; surface microphone). Next, we measured the responses of the preprogrammed test device in force on the skull simulator and in SPL on the surface mic in response to pink noise at three input levels: 55, 65, and 75 dB SPL. The skull simulator responses were converted to real head force responses by means of an individual real head to coupler difference transform. Subtracting the real head force level thresholds from the real head force output of the test aid yielded the audibility for each audiometric frequency for the skull simulator. Subtracting the SPL thresholds from the surface microphone from the SPL output of the test aid yielded the audibility for each audiometric frequency for the surface microphone. The surface microphone was removed and retested to establish the test-retest reliability of the tool.

Results: We ran a 2 (sensor) × 3 (input level) × 10 (frequency) mixed analysis of variance to determine if there were any significant main effects and interactions. There was a significant three-way interaction, so we proceeded to explore our planned comparisons. There were 90 planned comparisons of interest, three at each frequency (3 × 10) for the three input levels (30 × 3). Therefore, to minimize a type 1 error associated with multiple comparisons, we adjusted alpha using the Holm-Bonferroni method. There were five comparisons that yielded significant differences between the skull simulator and surface microphone (test and retest) in the estimation of audibility. However, the mean difference in these effects was small at 3.3 dB. Both sensors yielded equivalent results for the majority of comparisons.

Conclusions: Models of bone conduction devices that have intact skin cannot be measured with the skull simulator. This study is the first to present and evaluate a new tool for bone conduction verification. The surface microphone is capable of yielding equivalent audibility measurements as the skull simulator for percutaneous bone conduction users at multiple input levels. This device holds potential for measuring other bone conduction devices (Sentio, BoneBridge, Attract, Soft headband devices) that do not have a percutaneous implant.

Fig. 1.

Renderings of the surface microphone. Green elements represent the circuit board and the led “on light” indicator.

Fig. 2.

Force level output of the test device.

Fig. 3.

Experimental setup for real head force probe response (RH) measurement.

Fig. 4.

Experimental setup for surface microphone response measurement.

Fig. 5.

Experimental setup for the surface microphone pink noise tests.

Fig. 6.

Real Head to Coupler Difference (RHCD). Average values over all patients. Error bars indicate 1 SD.

Fig. 7.

Threshold values and measured output at 55 dB SPL presentation level. (A) shows the values for the skull simulator. (B) shows the values for the surface microphone (test and retest). Arrows indicate calculation of audibility for both devices.

Fig. 8.

Audibility for the skull simulator and surface microphone (test–retest) at 55 dB input. Average values over all patients. Error bars indicate 1 SD.

Fig. 9.

Audibility for the skull simulator and surface microphone (test–retest) at 65 dB input. Average values over all patients. Error bars indicate 1 SD.

Fig. 10.

Audibility for the skull simulator and surface microphone (test–retest) at 75 dB input. Average values over all patients. Error bars indicate 1 SD.

Fig. 11.

Average decibel level above the surface microphone artificial noise floor at each audiometric frequency. Average over all patients and all stimulation input levels. Error bars indicate 1 SD.

Fig. 12.

Percentage of cases (all patients and all stimulation input levels) 18 dB above the surface microphone artificial noise floor at each audiometric frequency.