Defining Postoperative Opioid Needs Among Preoperative Opioid Users

Affiliations

• ¹ Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
• ² Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
• ³ Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
• ⁴ Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.