Introduction: To compare the accuracy and reliability of stone volume estimated by ellipsoid formula (EFv) and CT-based algorithm (CTv) to true volume (TV) by water displacement in an in vitro model.
Materials and methods: Ninety stone phantoms were created using clay (0.5-40 cm3, 814 HU ±91) and scanned with CT. For each stone, TV was measured by water displacement, CTv was calculated by the region-growing algorithm in the CT-based software AGFA IMPAX Volume Viewer, and EFv was calculated by the standard formula π × L × W × H × 0.167. All measurements were repeated thrice, and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was calculated for the whole group, as well as subgroups based on volume (<1.5 cm3, 1.5-6 cm3, and >6 cm3).
Results: Mean TV, CTv, and EFv were 6.42 cm3 ± 6.57 (range: 0.5-39.37 cm3), 6.24 cm3 ± 6.15 (0.48-36.1 cm3), and 8.98 cm3 ± 9.96 (0.49-47.05 cm3), respectively. When comparing TV to CTv, CCC was 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99-0.995), indicating excellent agreement, although TV was slightly underestimated at larger volumes. When comparing TV to EFv, CCC was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.78-0.86), indicating poor agreement. EFv tended to overestimate the TV, especially as stone volume increased beyond 1.5 cm3, and there was a significant spread between trials.
Conclusions: An automated CT-based algorithm more accurately and reliably estimates stone volume than does the ellipsoid formula. While further research is necessary to validate stone volume as a surrogate for stone burden, CT-based algorithmic volume measurement of urinary stones is a promising technology.
Keywords: CT stone volume; kidney stone volume; nephrolithiasis; region growing algorithm.