Clinical and radiographic periodontal status and whole salivary cotinine, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers and E-cig users

Sameer A Mokeem; Mohammed N Alasqah; Dimitrios Michelogiannakis; Abdulaziz A Al-Kheraif; Georgios E Romanos; Fawad Javed

doi:10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.016

Clinical and radiographic periodontal status and whole salivary cotinine, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers and E-cig users

Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Jul:61:38-43. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.016. Epub 2018 May 23.

Authors

Sameer A Mokeem¹, Mohammed N Alasqah², Dimitrios Michelogiannakis³, Abdulaziz A Al-Kheraif⁴, Georgios E Romanos⁵, Fawad Javed⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
² Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
³ Departments of Community Dentistry and Oral Disease Prevention, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, USA.
⁴ Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: aalkhuraif@ksu.edu.sa.
⁵ Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY, USA; Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, Dental School, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁶ Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, USA.

PMID: 29843053
DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.016

Abstract

The aim was to compare the clinical (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing pocket depth [PPD] and clinical attachment loss [CAL]) and radiographic (marginal bone loss [MBL]) periodontal parameters and whole salivary cotinine, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels among cigarette-smokers, waterpipe-smokers, E-cig users and never-smokers. In total, 154 male individuals (39 cigarette-smokers, 40 waterpipe-smokers, 37 E-cig users and 38 never-smokers) were included. Full mouth PI, BOP, PPD and CAL were measured on all teeth (excluding third molars); and MBL was measured in digital intra-oral radiographs. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) and whole salivary cotinine, IL-1β and IL-6 levels were measured. Group comparisons were performed using one way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. There was no difference in UWSFR among the groups. Cotinine levels were significantly higher among cigarette- (P < 0.001) and waterpipe-smokers (P < 0.001) and E-cig users (P < 0.001) than never-smokers. IL-1β (P < 0.01) and IL-6 (P < 0.01) levels were significantly higher among cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers than E-cig users and never-smokers. There was no difference in PPD, CAL, mesial and distal MBL and whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels among E-cig users and never-smokers. In conclusion, clinical and radiographic parameters of periodontal inflammation were poorer in cigarette and waterpipe smokers than E-cig users and never-smokers; and whole salivary cotinine levels were similar in all groups. Whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels were higher in cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers than E-cig users and never-smokers.

Keywords: Cigarette smoking; Cotinine; Interleukin; Periodontal disease; Questionnaire; Waterpipe, unstimulated whole saliva.

Publication types

Comparative Study

MeSH terms

Adult
Cotinine / analysis
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems*
Humans
Interleukin-1beta / analysis
Interleukin-6 / analysis
Male
Middle Aged
Periodontium / diagnostic imaging*
Radiography, Dental
Saliva / chemistry*
Tobacco Products*
Water Pipe Smoking*

Substances

IL6 protein, human
Interleukin-1beta
Interleukin-6
Cotinine