Roles of Sedentary Behaviors and Unhealthy Foods in Increasing the Obesity Risk in Adult Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional National Study

doi:10.3390/nu10060704

Comparative Study

. 2018 May 31;10(6):704.

doi: 10.3390/nu10060704.

Roles of Sedentary Behaviors and Unhealthy Foods in Increasing the Obesity Risk in Adult Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional National Study

Esti Nurwanti^{1

2}, Mohy Uddin³, Jung-Su Chang^{4

5}, Hamam Hadi⁶, Shabbir Syed-Abdul⁷, Emily Chia-Yu Su⁸, Aldilas Achmad Nursetyo⁹, Jakir Hossain Bhuiyan Masud¹⁰, Chyi-Huey Bai^{11

12

13}

Affiliations

¹ International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. estinurwanti3@gmail.com.
² Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Alma Ata, Yogyakarta 55183, Indonesia. estinurwanti3@gmail.com.
³ King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, Executive Office, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. mrmohy@gmail.com.
⁴ School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. susanchang@tmu.edu.tw.
⁵ Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. susanchang@tmu.edu.tw.
⁶ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Alma Ata, Yogyakarta 55183, Indonesia. hamamhadi99@gmail.com.
⁷ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan. drshabbir@tmu.edu.tw.
⁸ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan. emilysu@tmu.edu.tw.
⁹ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan. mail.aldilas@gmail.com.
¹⁰ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan. jakirmsd@gmail.com.
¹¹ International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. baich@tmu.edu.tw.
¹² Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. baich@tmu.edu.tw.
¹³ School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. baich@tmu.edu.tw.

PMID: 29857537
PMCID: PMC6024814
DOI: 10.3390/nu10060704

Comparative Study

Roles of Sedentary Behaviors and Unhealthy Foods in Increasing the Obesity Risk in Adult Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional National Study

Esti Nurwanti et al. Nutrients. 2018.

. 2018 May 31;10(6):704.

doi: 10.3390/nu10060704.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. estinurwanti3@gmail.com.
² Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Alma Ata, Yogyakarta 55183, Indonesia. estinurwanti3@gmail.com.
³ King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, Executive Office, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. mrmohy@gmail.com.
⁴ School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. susanchang@tmu.edu.tw.
⁵ Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. susanchang@tmu.edu.tw.
⁶ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Alma Ata, Yogyakarta 55183, Indonesia. hamamhadi99@gmail.com.
⁷ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan. drshabbir@tmu.edu.tw.
⁸ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan. emilysu@tmu.edu.tw.
⁹ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan. mail.aldilas@gmail.com.
¹⁰ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan. jakirmsd@gmail.com.
¹¹ International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. baich@tmu.edu.tw.
¹² Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. baich@tmu.edu.tw.
¹³ School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. baich@tmu.edu.tw.

PMID: 29857537
PMCID: PMC6024814
DOI: 10.3390/nu10060704

Abstract

Sedentary behaviors and dietary intake are independently associated with obesity risk. In the literature, only a few studies have investigated gender differences for such associations. The present study aims to assess the association of sedentary behaviors and unhealthy foods intake with obesity in men and women in a comparative manner. The analysis presented in this study was based on the data from a population-based, cross-sectional, nationally representative survey (Indonesian Basic Health Research 2013/RISKESDAS 2013). In total, 222,650 men and 248,590 women aged 19–55 years were enrolled. A validated questionnaire, physical activity card, and food card were used for the assessments. The results showed that the prevalence of obesity (body mass index of ≥27.5 kg/m²) was higher in women (18.71%) than in men (8.67%). The mean body mass index in women tended to be higher than in men. After adjusting for age and education, the gender effect on obesity persisted in women and was more significant than in men. There was also a positive and significant effect on obesity of sedentary behaviors and unhealthy foods intake. Moreover, fatty and fried foods displayed a positive multiplicative interaction, increasing obesity risk in women more than in men and indicating a possible dietary risk in in women in relation to obesity. The study suggests that the implementation of educational programs on nutrition and physical activity is particularly important for promoting a healthy body weight among Indonesian women.

Keywords: fatty fried foods; obesity; refined carbohydrates; sedentary behaviors; sweet foods and beverages.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
The prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m²) among Indonesian adults.

**Figure 2**
The prevalence of obesity by age. Footnote: *** p value < 0.0001.

**Figure 3**
The proportion of high sedentary behaviors by gender and age.

**Figure 4**
Mean hours of sedentary behaviors by age. Footnote: ***: p < 0.0001.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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[1] Hall M.E., do Carmo J.M., da Silva A.A., Juncos L.A., Wang Z., Hall J.E. Obesity, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 2014;7:75–88. doi: 10.2147/IJNRD.S39739. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Hall M.E., do Carmo J.M., da Silva A.A., Juncos L.A., Wang Z., Hall J.E. Obesity, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 2014;7:75–88. doi: 10.2147/IJNRD.S39739. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Zheng W., McLerran D.F., Rolland B., Zhang X., Inoue M., Matsuo K., He J., Gupta P.C., Ramadas K., Tsugane S., et al. Association between body-mass index and risk of death in more than 1 million Asians. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011;364:719–729. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1010679. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Zheng W., McLerran D.F., Rolland B., Zhang X., Inoue M., Matsuo K., He J., Gupta P.C., Ramadas K., Tsugane S., et al. Association between body-mass index and risk of death in more than 1 million Asians. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011;364:719–729. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1010679. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Rachmi C.N., Li M., Alison Baur L. Overweight and obesity in Indonesia: Prevalence and risk factors—A literature review. Public Health. 2017;147:20–29. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.02.002. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Rachmi C.N., Li M., Alison Baur L. Overweight and obesity in Indonesia: Prevalence and risk factors—A literature review. Public Health. 2017;147:20–29. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.02.002. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Roemling C., Qaim M. Obesity trends and determinants in Indonesia. Appetite. 2012;58:1005–1013. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.02.053. - DOI - PubMed

[8] Roemling C., Qaim M. Obesity trends and determinants in Indonesia. Appetite. 2012;58:1005–1013. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.02.053. - DOI - PubMed

[9] Martínez-González M.A., Martínez J.A., Hu F.B., Gibney M.J., Kearney J. Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle and obesity in the European Union. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 1999;23:1192–1201. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801049. - DOI - PubMed

[10] Martínez-González M.A., Martínez J.A., Hu F.B., Gibney M.J., Kearney J. Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle and obesity in the European Union. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 1999;23:1192–1201. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801049. - DOI - PubMed

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Roles of Sedentary Behaviors and Unhealthy Foods in Increasing the Obesity Risk in Adult Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional National Study

Affiliations

Roles of Sedentary Behaviors and Unhealthy Foods in Increasing the Obesity Risk in Adult Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional National Study

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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