The Impact of Tannin Consumption on Iron Bioavailability and Status: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Iron deficiency remains a global health issue, and antinutritional factors, such as tannins, are often cited as contributors to the high prevalence of deficiency. Despite this, tannin-rich diets may have potential beneficial cardiovascular and cancer-fighting properties because of the antioxidant activity of tannins. Furthermore, epidemiologic studies and long-term trials involving participants who consumed diets rich in antinutritional factors, particularly tannins, conflict with single-meal bioavailability studies. The purpose of this narrative review is to determine the effect of tannins on iron bioavailability and status and establish whether adaptation to tannins reduces the antinutritional effects of tannins over time. We also aimed to compare tannins used in iron studies. Common themes related to iron bioavailability and iron status with tannin consumption were collected and collated for summary and synthesis based on models and subjects used. Overall, there was dissonance between iron bioavailability and status in studies. Single-meal studies with hydrolyzable and oligomeric catechin and epicatechin tannins (tea and tannic acid) generally support reductions in bioavailability related to tannin consumption but not consumption of condensed tannin, which are more commonly found in food. Long-term animal model, epidemiologic, and multimeal studies generally do not support changes in iron status related to tannin intake. Studies suggest that long-term tannin consumption may impact iron status in a different manner than single-meal studies or bioavailability iron models predict. Furthermore, iron bioavailability studies that use condensed tannins, which are more commonly consumed, may better predict mealtime iron bioavailability. More research is needed to develop representative antinutritional iron studies and investigate mechanisms underlying the adaptation to tannins and other antinutritional factors that occur over time.

Keywords: antinutritional factors; iron bioavailability; iron-deficiency anemia; proanthocyanidins; tannins.

Figure 1

Condensed tannin (A). Tannic acid (B). Panel A is reproduced from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tannic_acid.svg. Panel B is reproduced from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Procyanidin_C1.svg. Both images are in the public domain.

Figure 2

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for review. Articles were excluded on the basis of key terms, in vitro analysis, lack of tannin assessment in dietary analysis, and analysis of noniron outcomes.