Enhanced Surveillance for Coccidioidomycosis, 14 US States, 2016

Abstract

Although coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California has been well-characterized, much remains unknown about its epidemiology in states where it is not highly endemic. We conducted enhanced surveillance in 14 such states in 2016 by identifying cases according to the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists case definition and interviewing patients about their demographic characteristics, clinical features, and exposures. Among 186 patients, median time from seeking healthcare to diagnosis was 38 days (range 1-1,654 days); 70% had another condition diagnosed before coccidioidomycosis testing occurred (of whom 83% were prescribed antibacterial medications); 43% were hospitalized; and 29% had culture-positive coccidioidomycosis. Most (83%) patients from nonendemic states had traveled to a coccidioidomycosis-endemic area. Coccidioidomycosis can cause severe disease in residents of non-highly endemic states, a finding consistent with previous studies in Arizona, and less severe cases likely go undiagnosed or unreported. Improved coccidioidomycosis awareness in non-highly endemic areas is needed.

Keywords: Coccidioides; United States; coccidioidomycosis; endemic diseases; epidemiology; fungal infections; fungi; surveillance; valley fever.

Figure 1

Reporting state and frequency of travel to coccidioidomycosis-endemic areas (Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Washington, Mexico, and Central or South America) in the 4 months before symptom onset or first positive coccidioidomycosis test among coccidioidomycosis patients reported from 14 low-endemic and nonendemic US states, 2016.

Figure 2

Frequency of trips to Arizona in the 4 months before symptom onset or first positive coccidioidomycosis test among coccidioidomycosis patients reported from 14 low-endemic and nonendemic US states, 2016.