Skeletal muscle has an extraordinary regenerative capacity due to the activity of tissue-specific muscle stem cells. Consequently, these cells have received the most attention in studies investigating the cellular processes of skeletal muscle regeneration. However, efficient capacity to rebuild this tissue also depends on additional cells in the local milieu, as disrupting their normal contributions often leads to incomplete regeneration. Here, we review these additional cells that contribute to the regenerative process. Understanding the complex interactions between and among these cell populations has the potential to lead to therapies that will help promote normal skeletal muscle regeneration under conditions in which this process is suboptimal.
Keywords: aging; fatty and fibrotic degeneration; fibroadipogenic progenitors; injury; muscle mesenchymal stem cells; muscle stem cells; muscular dystrophy; regenerative milieu; satellite cells; skeletal muscle regeneration.
Published by Elsevier Inc.