Emission factors of particulate and gaseous compounds from a large cargo vessel operated under real-world conditions

Cheng Huang; Qingyao Hu; Hanyu Wang; Liping Qiao; Sheng'ao Jing; Hongli Wang; Min Zhou; Shuhui Zhu; Yingge Ma; Shengrong Lou; Li Li; Shikang Tao; Yingjie Li; Diming Lou

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.036

Emission factors of particulate and gaseous compounds from a large cargo vessel operated under real-world conditions

Environ Pollut. 2018 Nov;242(Pt A):667-674. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.036. Epub 2018 Jul 17.

Authors

Cheng Huang¹, Qingyao Hu², Hanyu Wang³, Liping Qiao², Sheng'ao Jing², Hongli Wang², Min Zhou², Shuhui Zhu², Yingge Ma², Shengrong Lou², Li Li⁴, Shikang Tao², Yingjie Li², Diming Lou⁵

Affiliations

¹ State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China. Electronic address: huangc@saes.sh.cn.
² State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China.
³ School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
⁴ State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China. Electronic address: lili@saes.sh.cn.
⁵ School of Automobile Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China.

PMID: 30025340
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.036

Abstract

On-board emissions measurements were performed on a Handysize-class bulk carrier operating under real-world conditions. Emission factors (EFs) were determined for criteria pollutants such as NO_x, CO, total hydrocarbons (THC), and PM; PM composition, including organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), inorganic species, and a variety of organic compounds and VOC species (including alkanes, alkenes, single-ring aromatics, and oxygenated VOCs) were also analyzed. To investigate the impacts of engine type, fuel, and operating conditions on emissions, measurements were conducted on one main and one auxiliary engines using low- and high-sulfur fuels (LSF and HSF) under actual operating conditions, including at-berth, maneuvering, and cruising at different engine loads. OC was the most abundant PM component (contributing 45-65%), followed by sulfate (2-15%) and EC (1-20%). Compounds with 3 or 4 aromatic rings, including phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[b+k]fluoranthene, dominated the particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from the ship, accounting for 69-89% of the total PAHs. Single-ring aromatics constituted 50-78% of the emitted VOCs and were dominated by toluene. In this study, switching from HSF (1.12% S) to LSF (0.38% S) reduced emitted PM by 12%, OC by 20%, sulfate by 71%, and particulate PAHs by 94%, but caused an increase in single-ring aromatics. The power-based EFs generally decreased with increasing engine loads. However, decreasing the ship engine load also reduced the vessel speed and, thus, decreased emissions over a given voyage distance. Herein, a Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) from 11 to 8-9 knots decreased NO_x and PM emissions by approximately 33% and 36%, respectively, and OC, EC, sulfate, and particulate PAHs in PM emissions by 34%, 83%, 29%, and 11%. These data can be used to minimize uncertainty in the emission factors used in ship emissions calculations.

Keywords: Emission factors; On-board measurement; PM components; Ship emissions; VOC species.

MeSH terms

Air Pollutants / analysis*
Aircraft
Carbon / analysis
Dust
Environmental Monitoring*
Gases
Hydrocarbons / analysis
Organic Chemicals
Particulate Matter / analysis*
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / analysis
Ships*
Vehicle Emissions / analysis*

Substances

Air Pollutants
Dust
Gases
Hydrocarbons
Organic Chemicals
Particulate Matter
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Vehicle Emissions
Carbon