Nitrate- and nitric oxide-induced plant growth in pea seedlings is linked to antioxidative metabolism and the ABA/GA balance

Abstract

This study looks at the effects of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO)-donor, on the development, antioxidant defences and on the abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) levels in pea seedlings. Results show that 10 mM KNO₃ and 50 μM SNP stimulate seedling fresh weight (FW), although this effect is not reverted by the action of 2-4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO), a NO-scavenger. The KNO₃ treatment increased peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate oxidase (AOX) activities. SNP, on the other hand, reduced monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activity and produced a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), POX and AOX activities. The "KNO₃ plus cPTIO" treatment increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX), MDHAR, glutathione reductase (GR) and SOD activities, but POX activity decreased in relation to the KNO₃ treatment. The "SNP plus cPTIO" treatment increased APX and MDHAR activities, whereas a huge decrease in POX activity occurred. Both the KNO₃ and the SNP treatments increased reduced ascorbate (ASC) concentrations, which reached control values in the presence of cPTIO. All treatments increased the dehydroascorbate (DHA) level in pea seedlings, leading to a decrease in the redox state of ascorbate. In the "KNO₃ plus cPTIO" treatment, an increase in the redox state of ascorbate was observed. Glutathione contents, however, were higher in the presence of SNP than in the presence of KNO₃. In addition, KNO₃ produced an accumulation of oxidised glutathione (GSSG), especially in the presence of cPTIO, leading to a decrease in the redox state of glutathione. The effect of SNP on reduced glutathione (GSH) levels was reverted by cPTIO, suggesting that NO has a direct effect on GSH biosynthesis or turnover. Both the KNO₃ and SNP treatments produced an increase in GA4 and a decrease in ABA concentrations, and this effect was reverted in the presence of the NO-scavenger. Globally, the results suggest a relationship between antioxidant metabolism and the ABA/GA balance during early seedling growth in pea. The results also suggest a role for KNO₃ and NO in the modulation of GA4 and ABA levels and antioxidant metabolism in pea seedlings. Furthermore, this effect correlated with an increase in the biomass of the pea seedlings.

Keywords: ASC-GSH cycle; Development; Plant hormones; Seed biology; Seed germination.