Nine new limonoids, named krishnagranatins A-I (2-5, 6a, 6b, and 7-9), were obtained from the seeds of an Indian mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum, collected at the swamp of Krishna estuary, Andhra Pradesh, together with the known one, granatumin X (1). The structures of these limonoids were established by HRESIMS, extensive NMR spectroscopic data, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The absolute configurations of 1, 2, and 9 were unequivocally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, obtained with Cu Kα radiation. Six new limonoids, including 2-5, 6a, and 6b, belong to a small group of limonoids with a C1-O-C29 oxygen bridge. Compounds 2 and 5 possess a 9-OH group, whereas 3-5 contain endo-conjugated Δ8,30 and Δ14,15 double bonds. Compounds 6a and 6b are a pair of new limonoid C29-epimers with the different orientation of a 29-OH group, of which the methylation leads to the chiral separation in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then affords two previously reported limonoids, sundarbanxylogranin C (6'a) and moluccensin W (6'b). Compounds 7-8 are two highly acetylated phragmalin-type limonoids, whereas 9 is a phragmalin 8,9,30-ortho ester. Compounds 7-9 exhibited inhibitory activity against the activation of NF-κB induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but showed no obvious toxicity on RAW264.7 macrophage cells at the concentration of 10.0 μM.
Keywords: Chiral separation; Limonoid; Mangrove; NF-κB; Structure elucidation; Xylocarpus granatum.
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