Individual differences in exploration and persistence: Grit and beliefs about ability and reward

Abstract

The tradeoff between knowing when to seek greater rewards (exploration), and knowing when to settle (exploitation), is critical to success. One dispositional factor that may modulate this tradeoff is "grit." Gritty individuals tend to persist in the face of difficulty and consequently experience greater life success. It is possible that they may also experience a greater tendency to explore in a reward task. However, although most exploration/exploitation tasks manipulate beliefs about the presence/magnitude of rewards in the environment, the belief of one's ability to actually achieve a reward is also critical. As such, we investigated whether individuals higher in grit were more likely to explore, and how beliefs about the magnitude/presence of rewards, and the perceived ability to achieve a reward, modulated their exploration tendencies. Over two experiments, participants completed 4 different exploration/persistence tasks: two that tapped into participant beliefs about the presence/magnitude of rewards, and two that tapped into participant beliefs about their ability to achieve a reward. Participants also completed measures of dispositional grit (Experiment 1a and 1b), conscientiousness (Experiment 1b), and working memory (Experiment 1a and 1b). In both experiments, we found a relationship between the two "belief of rewards" tasks, as well as between the two "belief of ability" tasks, but performance was unrelated across the two types of task. We also found that dispositional grit was strongly associated with greater exploration, but only on the "belief of ability" tasks. Finally, in Experiment 1b we showed that conscientiousness better predicted exploration on the "belief of ability" tasks than grit, suggesting that it is not grittiness per se that is associated with exploration. Overall, our findings showed that individuals high in grit/conscientiousness are more likely to explore, but only when there is a known reward available that they believe they have the ability to achieve.

Fig 1. Example of the Chain exploration task and the Grid exploration task.

A) Example of exploration on the Chain Task. In this task participants press either the “C” or the “I” key in order to earn rewards (points). Pressing the “C” key awards 1 point per turn, with the points always appearing in the same box on the screen (left panel). Pressing the “I” key, on the other hand, results in different boxes being revealed on the screen, all of which contain a 0 point value (center and right panels). On each subsequent press, there is a 20% chance that participants will be returned to the first box and 1 point will be rewarded (center panel). However, there is an 80% chance that a new point box will be revealed after pressing the “I” key, and if this occurs 7 times in a row a 100 point box is revealed (right panel). B) Example from the Grid Task. Participants use the mouse to click one of the 50 boxes, and the number at the top of the display indicates how many clicks they have remaining. The participant receives the points revealed in the box, so in this example they received 4 points for their first click (second box from top), and 15 for their second click (3^rd box from top). In the bottom box, the participant has decided to not continue clicking boxes as they believe that 15 points is the maximum number hidden in the grid. As such, they can press the right mouse button (indicated by white highlighting) to multiply the points in that box by the number of remaining trials (47 in this example).