Challenges in Implementing International Standards for the Field Hospital Emergency Department in a Disaster Zone: The Israeli Experience

Abstract

Background: Medical response to world disasters has too often been poorly coordinated and nonprofessional. To improve this, several agencies, led by the World Health Organization (WHO), have developed guidelines to provide accreditation for Foreign Medical Teams (FMTs). There are three levels, with the highest known as FMT Type-3 providing outpatient as well as inpatient surgical emergency care in addition to inpatient referral care. In November 2016, the WHO certified the Israel Defense Forces Field Hospital as the first FMT Type-3.

Objectives: The objectives of this article are to describe the challenges in implementing these international standards for the field hospital emergency department in a disaster zone.

Discussion: There are general standards for all levels of FMTs, as well as specific requirements for the FMT-3. These include a mechanism of appropriate triage, two operating suites, 40 regular beds, four to six intensive care unit beds, radiology facilities, and various staff specialties. Despite the sophistication of the field hospital, there are many challenges. Logistical challenges include constructing the hospital in a disaster zone and equipment issues. There are staff challenges such as becoming oriented to a new and difficult environment. Patient challenges include cultural differences, language barriers, and issues of follow-up. There are often ethical challenges unique to the disaster zone.

Conclusion: By presenting the experience and challenges of the first FMT Type-3, we hope that more countries can join this initiative and improve disaster care throughout the world.

Keywords: World Health Organization; accreditation; disasters; hospitals; mobile health units.