Acid induced reduction of the glycaemic response to starch-rich foods: the salivary α-amylase inhibition hypothesis

Food Funct. 2018 Oct 17;9(10):5096-5102. doi: 10.1039/c8fo01489b.

Abstract

Numerous studies have reported that the glycaemic response to starch-rich meals can be reduced by 20-50% with acidic drinks or foods. A number of candidate explanations have been put forward, but this phenomenon still remains vaguely understood. This study intends to demonstrate the remarkable effect of acid inhibition of salivary α-amylase during oro-gastric hydrolysis of starch, shedding light on this often overlooked mechanism. Oro-gastric digestions of bread, wheat and gluten-free pastas, combined with either water or lemon juice were performed using a dynamic in vitro system that reproduces gastric acidification kinetics observed in humans. In the presence of water, large proportions of starch (25-85%) and oligosaccharides (15-50%) were released from all foods within the first hour of gastric digestion (pH > 3.5). In the presence of lemon juice (pH < 3.5 at all time), starch release was about twice as low, and amylolysis into oligosaccharides was completely interrupted. Acid-inhibition of salivary α-amylase may explain, at least in part, the reduction of the blood glucose response through acidification of starch-rich foods/meals. This offers new perspectives for the development of strategies to improve the glycaemic response elicited by starch-rich diets.

MeSH terms

  • Acids / chemistry*
  • Acids / metabolism
  • Blood Glucose / metabolism*
  • Bread / analysis
  • Citrus / chemistry
  • Digestion
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / chemistry*
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / metabolism
  • Fruit and Vegetable Juices / analysis
  • Glycemic Index
  • Humans
  • Hydrolysis
  • Kinetics
  • Mouth / enzymology
  • Mouth / metabolism
  • Salivary alpha-Amylases / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Salivary alpha-Amylases / metabolism
  • Starch / metabolism*
  • Water / chemistry
  • Water / metabolism

Substances

  • Acids
  • Blood Glucose
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Water
  • Starch
  • Salivary alpha-Amylases